ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did different cultures and traditions develop around the world?

1. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:How did different cultures and traditions develop around the world?

2. First Americans • Ice Age – 10,000 – 100,000 years ago • Land bridge theory • Coastal-route theory • Other theories?

3. Hunting to the Growth of Cities • - After Ice Age, many big animals disappeared • Many hunters became gatherers, traveling from place to place in search of food. • 8000 years ago – gatherers in Mexico began to farm squash and lima beans • Developed methods of irrigation – method of watering crops • More dependable food supply = population growth • Once they had more than enough food (surplus) they could trade with others. • Once they could stay in one place, they could form communities. • Communities developed into cities with a government and religion.

4. Civilizations • A civilization is an advanced culture in which people have developed cities, science, and industries. • The Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas were the largest. • In North America many groups of people developed unique cultures or ways of life. • Before 10,000 BC Native Americans had spread across the North American continent • Each group had a distinct way of life depending on their location

5. Civilizations continued • FAR NORTH: living in the Arctic: some areas covered in ice all year, used kayaks to get from place to place, summer would fish in rivers, climate too cold for farming so they had to hunt for foods • NORTHWEST: Southern Alaska to Northern California: deer, bears, salmon; were not farmers but could set up permanent settlements due to the amount of food in the immediate area. • FAR WEST: differing situations: Northern West – cold winters; Southern West – deserts. Ate small animals and fish and berries.

6. Civilizations continued • SOUTHWEST: Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado – dry; some farming, followed and hunted animals; farmers had to learn to store rainwater for dry times; built homes out of adobe – sun-dried brick • GREAT PLAINS: between Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains; Eastern plains: mainly farmed, lived in earth lodges (log frames covered in soil); Western plains: too dry to farm, lived in teepees or dug holes to live, hunting parties formed to follow buffalo, buffalo was used for tepees, robes, and shields. Bones make tools.

7. Civilizations continued • Eastern Woodlands – Algonquin – Southern Canada, Great Lakes area, Atlantic Coast to Virginia; farmed and hunted; Iroqouis – New York, five nations. Each nation was made up of clans – groups of families that were related to one another. • Southeast – mild with steamy, hot summers. Farmed. Wood frame homes. Plastered with mud clay to keep interiors cool and dry.

8. Trade Networks of Asia and Africa • From the earliest times, trade linked groups lived great distances from one another

9. Trade Networks • The Silk Road, one of the great trade routes of ancient times, stretched 5,000 miles from China to Persia. • China established trade links with India, Korea, Japan, the Middle East, and Africa.

10. Trade Networks • Egyptians traded aroud the eastern Meditnerranean and Red seas as early as 3100 B.C. • In about A.D. 1000, trade centers began to appear in eastern Africa. • By the 1500s, a global trading network linked the civilizations of Europe, Africa, and Asia.

11. The Age of Exploration Begins • The expansion of trade really set the stage for a new era of exploration. • The first European country to provide the means to explore by sea was Portugal by hiring Prince Henry the Navigator • He and Vasco de Gama (at different periods of time) traveled south down the western coast of Africa to India and Asia to trade. • Eventually this opens up routes to the West leading to the discovery of America.