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Introduction to Network Simulator 2 (NS-2)

Introduction to Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). Outline. Random Walk Mobility Model Random Waypoint Mobility Model Network Simulator Mobile Networking in ns Simulation Scenario Home Work 2. Random Walk Mobility Model.

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Introduction to Network Simulator 2 (NS-2)

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  1. Introduction to Network Simulator 2 (NS-2)

  2. Outline • Random Walk Mobility Model • Random Waypoint Mobility Model • Network Simulator • Mobile Networking in ns • Simulation Scenario • Home Work 2 Sharif university of Technology

  3. Random Walk Mobility Model • Since many entities in nature move in extremely unpredictable ways, the Random Walk Mobility Model was developed to mimic this erratic movement • In this mobility model, an MN moves from its current location to a new location by randomly choosing a direction and speed in which to travel • The new speed and direction are both chosen from pre-defined ranges, [speedmin; speedmax] and [0;2p] respectively Sharif university of Technology

  4. Random Walk Mobility Model • Each movement in the Random Walk Mobility Model occurs in either a constant time interval t or a constant distance traveled d, at the end of which a new direction and speed are calculated • If an MN which moves according to this model reaches a simulation boundary, it “bounces” off the simulation border with an angle determined by the incoming direction • The MN then continues along this new path Sharif university of Technology

  5. Outline • Random Walk Mobility Model • Random Waypoint Mobility Model • Network Simulator • Mobile Networking in ns • Simulation Scenario • Home Work 2 Sharif university of Technology

  6. Random Waypoint Mobility Model (RWPM) • The Random Waypoint Mobility Model includes pause times between changes in direction and/or speed • An MN begins by staying in one location for a certain period of time (i.e., a pause time) • Once this time expires, the MN chooses a random destination in the simulation area and a speed that is uniformly distributed between [minspeed, maxspeed] Sharif university of Technology

  7. Random Waypoint Mobility Model (RWPM) • The MN then travels toward the newly chosen destination at the selected speed • Upon arrival, the MN pauses for a specified time period before starting the process again • We note that the movement pattern of an MN using the Random Waypoint Mobility Model is similar to the Random Walk Mobility Model if pause time is zero and [minspeed, maxspeed] = [speedmin, speedmax] Sharif university of Technology

  8. Outline • Random Walk Mobility Model • Random Waypoint Mobility Model • Network Simulator • Mobile Networking in ns • Simulation Scenario • Home Work 2 Sharif university of Technology

  9. Network Simulator (NS) • ns is an object oriented simulator, written in C++, with an OTcl interpreter as a frontend • The simulator supports a class hierarchy in C++ (also called the compiled hierarchy in this document), and a similar class hierarchy within the OTcl interpreter (also called the interpreted hierarchy in this document) • The two hierarchies are closely related to each other; from the user’s perspective, there is a one-to-one correspondence between a class in the interpreted hierarchy and one in the compiled hierarchy • The root of this hierarchy is the class TclObject Sharif university of Technology

  10. Network Simulator (NS) • Users create new simulator objects through the interpreter; these objects are instantiated within the interpreter, and are closely mirrored by a corresponding object in the compiled hierarchy • The interpreted class hierarchy is automatically established through methods defined in the class TclClass • user instantiated objects are mirrored through methods defined in the class TclObject Sharif university of Technology

  11. Why two languages? • ns uses two languages because simulator has two different kinds of things it needs to do • On one hand, detailed simulations of protocols requires a systems programming language which can efficiently manipulate bytes, packet headers, and implement algorithms that run over large data sets • For these tasks run-time speed is important and turn-aroundtime (run simulation, find bug, fix bug, recompile, re-run) is less important Sharif university of Technology

  12. Why two languages? • On the other hand, a large part of network research involves slightly varying parameters or configurations, or quickly exploring a number of scenarios • In these cases, iteration time (change the model and re-run) is more important • Since configuration runs once (at the beginning of the simulation), run-time of this part of the task is less important Sharif university of Technology

  13. Why two languages? • ns meets both of these needs with two languages, C++ and OTcl • C++ is fast to run but slower to change, making it suitable for detailed protocol implementation • OTcl runs much slower but can be changed very quickly (and interactively), making it ideal for simulation configuration Sharif university of Technology

  14. Which language for what? • Having two languages raises the question of which language should be used for what purpose • Our basic advice is to use OTcl: • for configuration, setup, and “one-time” stuff • if you can do what you want by manipulating existing C++ objects • and use C++: • if you are doing anything that requires processing each packet of a flow • if you have to change the behavior of an existing C++ class in ways that weren’t anticipated Sharif university of Technology

  15. ImportantNS-2 contents I • 3 OTcl Linkage 9 • II Simulator Basics 27 • 4 The Class Simulator 28 • 4.1 Simulator Initialization . 28 • 4.2 Schedulers and Events . 28 • 4.2.1 The List Scheduler . . . . 29 • 4.2.2 the heap scheduler . . . . 30 • 4.2.3 The Calendar Queue Scheduler . . 30 • 4.2.4 The Real-Time Scheduler 30 • 4.2.5 Precision of the scheduler clock used in ns . 31 • 4.3 Other Methods 31 • 4.4 Commands at a glance . 32 • 5 Nodes and Packet Forwarding 35 • 6 Links: Simple Links 53 • 7 Queue Management and Packet Scheduling 60 • 8 Delays and Links 75 • 9 Differentiated Services Module in ns 77 • 10 Agents 86 • 11 Timers 101 • 12 Packet Headers and Formats 106 • 13 Error Model 116 • 14 Local Area Networks 121 • 14.1 Tcl configuration . . . . 121 • 14.2 Components of a LAN . 122 • 14.3 Channel Class . 123 • 14.3.1 Channel State . . 123 • 14.3.2 Example: Channel and classifier of the physical layer . 123 • 14.3.3 Channel Class in C++ . . 123 • 14.4 MacClassifier Class . . . 124 • 14.5 MAC Class . . 125 • 14.5.1 Mac State . . . . 125 • 14.5.2 Mac Methods . . 125 • 14.5.3 Mac Class in C++ . . . . 125 • 14.5.4 CSMA-based MAC . . . . 126 • 14.6 LL (link-layer) Class . . 127 • 14.6.1 LL Class in C++ 127 • 3 • 14.6.2 Example: Link Layer configuration 127 • 14.7 LanRouterclass. . . . 128 • 14.8 Other Components . . . 128 • 14.9 LANs and ns routing . . 128 • 14.10Commands at a glance . 130 • 15 The (Revised) Addressing Structure in NS 131 • 16 Mobile Networking in ns 134 • 16.1 The basic wireless model in ns . . 134 • 16.1.1 Mobilenode: creating wireless topology . . . 134 • 16.1.2 Creating Node movements 138 • 16.1.3 Network Components in a mobilenode. . . . 139 • 16.1.4 Different MAC layer protocols for mobile networking 142 • 16.1.5 Different types of Routing Agents in mobile networking . . . . 143 • 16.1.6 Trace Support . . 144 • 16.1.7 Revised format for wireless traces . 148 • 16.1.8 Generation of node-movement and traffic-connection for wireless scenarios . . . . 150 • 16.2 Extensions made to CMU’s wireless model 151 • 16.2.1 wired-cum-wireless scenarios . . . 151 • 16.2.2 MobileIP. . . . 152 • 16.3 802.11 MAC protocol . . 155 • 16.4 Lists of changes for merging code developed in older version of ns (2.1b5 or later) into the current version • (2.1b8) . . . . 157 • 16.5 Commands at a glance . 159 • 17 Satellite Networking in ns 161 • 17.1 Overview of satellite models . . . 161 • 17.1.1 Geostationary satellites . . 161 • 17.1.2 Low-earth-orbiting satellites . . . . 162 • 17.2 Using the satellite extensions . . . 164 • 17.2.1 Nodes and node positions 164 • 17.2.2 Satellite links . . 165 • 17.2.3 Handoffs . . . . 167 • 17.2.4 Routing 168 • 17.2.5 Trace support . . 169 • 17.2.6 Error models . . 170 • 17.2.7 Other configuration options . . . . 171 • 17.2.8 nam support . . 171 • 17.2.9 Integration with wired and wireless code . . 171 • 17.2.10 Example scripts . 172 • 17.3 Implementation 172 • 17.3.1 Use of linked lists 173 • 17.3.2 Node structure . 173 • 17.3.3 Detailed look at satellite links . . . 174 • 17.4 Commands at a glance . 176 • 4 • 18 Radio PropagationModels 178 • 19 Energy Model in ns 183 • 20 Directed Diffusion 185 • 21 XCP: eXplicit Congestion control Protocol 192 • 22 DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay and Loss 199 • 23 Changes made to the IEEE 802.15.4 Implementation in NS-2.31 203 • 24 Debugging ns 206 • 25 Mathematical Support 211 • 26 Trace and Monitoring Support 221 • 26.1 Trace Support . 221 • 26.1.1 OTcl Helper Functions . . 222 • 26.2 Library support and examples . . 223 • 26.3 The C++ Trace Class . . 225 • 26.4 Trace File Format . . . . 226 • 26.5 Packet Types . 228 • 26.6 Queue Monitoring . . . . 229 • 26.7 Per-Flow Monitoring . . 231 • 26.7.1 The Flow Monitor . . . . 231 • 26.7.2 Flow Monitor Trace Format . . . . 231 • 26.7.3 The Flow Class . 232 • 26.8 Commands at a glance . 232 • IV Routing 242 • 30 Unicast Routing 243 • 31 Multicast Routing 254 • 32 Network Dynamics 267 • 33 Hierarchical Routing 274 • V Transport 278 • 34 UDP Agents 279 • 35 TCP Agents 281 • 35.1 One-Way TCP Senders . 282 • 35.1.1 The Base TCP Sender (Tahoe TCP) 282 • 35.1.2 Configuration . . 282 • 35.1.3 Simple Configuration . . . 282 • 35.1.4 Other Configuration Parameters . . 283 • 35.1.5 Other One-Way TCP Senders . . . 284 • 35.2 TCP Receivers (sinks) . 285 • 35.2.1 The Base TCP Sink . . . . 285 • 35.2.2 Delayed-ACK TCP Sink . 285 • 35.2.3 Sack TCP Sink . 285 • 35.3 Two-Way TCP Agents (FullTcp) . 286 • 35.3.1 Simple Configuration . . . 286 • 35.3.2 BayFullTcp. . . 287 • 35.4 Architecture and Internals 287 • 35.5 Tracing TCP Dynamics . 289 • 35.6 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.7 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 7 • 35.8 Commands at a glance . 290 • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  16. ImportantNS-2 contents II • 5 Nodes and Packet Forwarding 35 • 6 Links: Simple Links 53 • 7 Queue Management and Packet Scheduling 60 • 8 Delays and Links 75 • 9 Differentiated Services Module in ns 77 • 10 Agents 86 • 11 Timers 101 • 12 Packet Headers and Formats 106 • 13 Error Model 116 • 14 Local Area Networks 121 • 14.1 Tcl configuration . . . . 121 • 14.2 Components of a LAN . 122 • 14.3 Channel Class . 123 • 14.3.1 Channel State . . 123 • 14.3.2 Example: Channel and classifier of the physical layer . 123 • 14.3.3 Channel Class in C++ . . 123 • 14.4 MacClassifier Class . . . 124 • 14.5 MAC Class . . 125 • 14.5.1 Mac State . . . . 125 • 14.5.2 Mac Methods . . 125 • 14.5.3 Mac Class in C++ . . . . 125 • 14.5.4 CSMA-based MAC . . . . 126 • 14.6 LL (link-layer) Class . . 127 • 14.6.1 LL Class in C++ 127 • 3 • 14.6.2 Example: Link Layer configuration 127 • 14.7 LanRouterclass. . . . 128 • 14.8 Other Components . . . 128 • 14.9 LANs and ns routing . . 128 • 14.10Commands at a glance . 130 • 15 The (Revised) Addressing Structure in NS 131 • 16 Mobile Networking in ns 134 • 16.1 The basic wireless model in ns . . 134 • 16.1.1 Mobilenode: creating wireless topology . . . 134 • 16.1.2 Creating Node movements 138 • 16.1.3 Network Components in a mobilenode. . . . 139 • 16.1.4 Different MAC layer protocols for mobile networking 142 • 16.1.5 Different types of Routing Agents in mobile networking . . . . 143 • 16.1.6 Trace Support . . 144 • 16.1.7 Revised format for wireless traces . 148 • 16.1.8 Generation of node-movement and traffic-connection for wireless scenarios . . . . 150 • 16.2 Extensions made to CMU’s wireless model 151 • 16.2.1 wired-cum-wireless scenarios . . . 151 • 16.2.2 MobileIP. . . . 152 • 16.3 802.11 MAC protocol . . 155 • 16.4 Lists of changes for merging code developed in older version of ns (2.1b5 or later) into the current version • (2.1b8) . . . . 157 • 16.5 Commands at a glance . 159 • 17 Satellite Networking in ns 161 • 17.1 Overview of satellite models . . . 161 • 17.1.1 Geostationary satellites . . 161 • 17.1.2 Low-earth-orbiting satellites . . . . 162 • 17.2 Using the satellite extensions . . . 164 • 17.2.1 Nodes and node positions 164 • 17.2.2 Satellite links . . 165 • 17.2.3 Handoffs . . . . 167 • 17.2.4 Routing 168 • 17.2.5 Trace support . . 169 • 17.2.6 Error models . . 170 • 17.2.7 Other configuration options . . . . 171 • 17.2.8 nam support . . 171 • 17.2.9 Integration with wired and wireless code . . 171 • 17.2.10 Example scripts . 172 • 17.3 Implementation 172 • 17.3.1 Use of linked lists 173 • 17.3.2 Node structure . 173 • 17.3.3 Detailed look at satellite links . . . 174 • 17.4 Commands at a glance . 176 • 4 • 18 Radio PropagationModels 178 • 19 Energy Model in ns 183 • 20 Directed Diffusion 185 • 21 XCP: eXplicit Congestion control Protocol 192 • 22 DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay and Loss 199 • 23 Changes made to the IEEE 802.15.4 Implementation in NS-2.31 203 • 24 Debugging ns 206 • 25 Mathematical Support 211 • 26 Trace and Monitoring Support 221 • 26.1 Trace Support . 221 • 26.1.1 OTcl Helper Functions . . 222 • 26.2 Library support and examples . . 223 • 26.3 The C++ Trace Class . . 225 • 26.4 Trace File Format . . . . 226 • 26.5 Packet Types . 228 • 26.6 Queue Monitoring . . . . 229 • 26.7 Per-Flow Monitoring . . 231 • 26.7.1 The Flow Monitor . . . . 231 • 26.7.2 Flow Monitor Trace Format . . . . 231 • 26.7.3 The Flow Class . 232 • 26.8 Commands at a glance . 232 • IV Routing 242 • 30 Unicast Routing 243 • 31 Multicast Routing 254 • 32 Network Dynamics 267 • 33 Hierarchical Routing 274 • V Transport 278 • 34 UDP Agents 279 • 35 TCP Agents 281 • 35.1 One-Way TCP Senders . 282 • 35.1.1 The Base TCP Sender (Tahoe TCP) 282 • 35.1.2 Configuration . . 282 • 35.1.3 Simple Configuration . . . 282 • 35.1.4 Other Configuration Parameters . . 283 • 35.1.5 Other One-Way TCP Senders . . . 284 • 35.2 TCP Receivers (sinks) . 285 • 35.2.1 The Base TCP Sink . . . . 285 • 35.2.2 Delayed-ACK TCP Sink . 285 • 35.2.3 Sack TCP Sink . 285 • 35.3 Two-Way TCP Agents (FullTcp) . 286 • 35.3.1 Simple Configuration . . . 286 • 35.3.2 BayFullTcp. . . 287 • 35.4 Architecture and Internals 287 • 35.5 Tracing TCP Dynamics . 289 • 35.6 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.7 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 7 • 35.8 Commands at a glance . 290 • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  17. ImportantNS-2 contents III • 14 Local Area Networks 121 • 14.1 Tcl configuration . . . . 121 • 14.2 Components of a LAN . 122 • 14.3 Channel Class . 123 • 14.4 MacClassifier Class . . . 124 • 14.5 MAC Class . . 125 • 14.6 LL (link-layer) Class . . 127 • 14.7 LanRouterclass. . . . 128 • 14.8 Other Components . . . 128 • 14.9 LANs and ns routing . . 128 • 14.10Commands at a glance . 130 • 15 The (Revised) Addressing Structure in NS 131 • 16 Mobile Networking in ns 134 • 16.1 The basic wireless model in ns . . 134 • 16.1.1 Mobilenode: creating wireless topology . . . 134 • 16.1.2 Creating Node movements 138 • 16.1.3 Network Components in a mobilenode. . . . 139 • 16.1.4 Different MAC layer protocols for mobile networking 142 • 16.1.5 Different types of Routing Agents in mobile networking . . . . 143 • 16.1.6 Trace Support . . 144 • 16.1.7 Revised format for wireless traces . 148 • 16.1.8 Generation of node-movement and traffic-connection for wireless scenarios . . . . 150 • 16.2 Extensions made to CMU’s wireless model 151 • 16.2.1 wired-cum-wireless scenarios . . . 151 • 16.2.2 MobileIP. . . . 152 • 16.3 802.11 MAC protocol . . 155 • 16.4 Lists of changes for merging code developed in older version of ns (2.1b5 or later) into the current version • (2.1b8) . . . . 157 • 16.5 Commands at a glance . 159 • 17 Satellite Networking in ns 161 • 17.1 Overview of satellite models . . . 161 • 17.1.1 Geostationary satellites . . 161 • 17.1.2 Low-earth-orbiting satellites . . . . 162 • 17.2 Using the satellite extensions . . . 164 • 17.2.1 Nodes and node positions 164 • 17.2.2 Satellite links . . 165 • 17.2.3 Handoffs . . . . 167 • 17.2.4 Routing 168 • 17.2.5 Trace support . . 169 • 17.2.6 Error models . . 170 • 17.2.7 Other configuration options . . . . 171 • 17.2.8 nam support . . 171 • 17.2.9 Integration with wired and wireless code . . 171 • 17.2.10 Example scripts . 172 • 17.3 Implementation 172 • 17.3.1 Use of linked lists 173 • 17.3.2 Node structure . 173 • 17.3.3 Detailed look at satellite links . . . 174 • 17.4 Commands at a glance . 176 • 4 • 18 Radio PropagationModels 178 • 19 Energy Model in ns 183 • 20 Directed Diffusion 185 • 21 XCP: eXplicit Congestion control Protocol 192 • 22 DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay and Loss 199 • 23 Changes made to the IEEE 802.15.4 Implementation in NS-2.31 203 • 24 Debugging ns 206 • 25 Mathematical Support 211 • 26 Trace and Monitoring Support 221 • 26.1 Trace Support . 221 • 26.1.1 OTcl Helper Functions . . 222 • 26.2 Library support and examples . . 223 • 26.3 The C++ Trace Class . . 225 • 26.4 Trace File Format . . . . 226 • 26.5 Packet Types . 228 • 26.6 Queue Monitoring . . . . 229 • 26.7 Per-Flow Monitoring . . 231 • 26.7.1 The Flow Monitor . . . . 231 • 26.7.2 Flow Monitor Trace Format . . . . 231 • 26.7.3 The Flow Class . 232 • 26.8 Commands at a glance . 232 • IV Routing 242 • 30 Unicast Routing 243 • 31 Multicast Routing 254 • 32 Network Dynamics 267 • 33 Hierarchical Routing 274 • V Transport 278 • 34 UDP Agents 279 • 35 TCP Agents 281 • 35.1 One-Way TCP Senders . 282 • 35.1.1 The Base TCP Sender (Tahoe TCP) 282 • 35.1.2 Configuration . . 282 • 35.1.3 Simple Configuration . . . 282 • 35.1.4 Other Configuration Parameters . . 283 • 35.1.5 Other One-Way TCP Senders . . . 284 • 35.2 TCP Receivers (sinks) . 285 • 35.2.1 The Base TCP Sink . . . . 285 • 35.2.2 Delayed-ACK TCP Sink . 285 • 35.2.3 Sack TCP Sink . 285 • 35.3 Two-Way TCP Agents (FullTcp) . 286 • 35.3.1 Simple Configuration . . . 286 • 35.3.2 BayFullTcp. . . 287 • 35.4 Architecture and Internals 287 • 35.5 Tracing TCP Dynamics . 289 • 35.6 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.7 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 7 • 35.8 Commands at a glance . 290 • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  18. ImportantNS-2 contents IV • 15 The (Revised) Addressing Structure in NS 131 • 16 Mobile Networking in ns 134 • 16.1 The basic wireless model in ns . . 134 • 16.1.1 Mobilenode: creating wireless topology . . . 134 • 16.1.2 Creating Node movements 138 • 16.1.3 Network Components in a mobilenode. . . . 139 • 16.1.4 Different MAC layer protocols for mobile networking 142 • 16.1.5 Different types of Routing Agents in mobile networking . . . . 143 • 16.1.6 Trace Support . . 144 • 16.2.2 MobileIP. . . . 152 • 16.3 802.11 MAC protocol . . 155 • 17 Satellite Networking in ns 161 • 17.1 Overview of satellite models . . . 161 • 17.1.1 Geostationary satellites . . 161 • 17.1.2 Low-earth-orbiting satellites . . . . 162 • 17.2 Using the satellite extensions . . . 164 • 17.2.1 Nodes and node positions 164 • 17.2.2 Satellite links . . 165 • 17.2.3 Handoffs . . . . 167 • 17.2.4 Routing 168 • 17.2.5 Trace support . . 169 • 17.2.6 Error models . . 170 • 17.2.7 Other configuration options . . . . 171 • 17.2.8 nam support . . 171 • 17.2.9 Integration with wired and wireless code . . 171 • 17.2.10 Example scripts . 172 • 17.3 Implementation 172 • 17.3.1 Use of linked lists 173 • 17.3.2 Node structure . 173 • 17.3.3 Detailed look at satellite links . . . 174 • 17.4 Commands at a glance . 176 • 4 • 18 Radio PropagationModels 178 • 19 Energy Model in ns 183 • 20 Directed Diffusion 185 • 21 XCP: eXplicit Congestion control Protocol 192 • 22 DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay and Loss 199 • 23 Changes made to the IEEE 802.15.4 Implementation in NS-2.31 203 • 24 Debugging ns 206 • 25 Mathematical Support 211 • 26 Trace and Monitoring Support 221 • 26.1 Trace Support . 221 • 26.1.1 OTcl Helper Functions . . 222 • 26.2 Library support and examples . . 223 • 26.3 The C++ Trace Class . . 225 • 26.4 Trace File Format . . . . 226 • 26.5 Packet Types . 228 • 26.6 Queue Monitoring . . . . 229 • 26.7 Per-Flow Monitoring . . 231 • 26.7.1 The Flow Monitor . . . . 231 • 26.7.2 Flow Monitor Trace Format . . . . 231 • 26.7.3 The Flow Class . 232 • 26.8 Commands at a glance . 232 • IV Routing 242 • 30 Unicast Routing 243 • 31 Multicast Routing 254 • 32 Network Dynamics 267 • 33 Hierarchical Routing 274 • V Transport 278 • 34 UDP Agents 279 • 35 TCP Agents 281 • 35.1 One-Way TCP Senders . 282 • 35.1.1 The Base TCP Sender (Tahoe TCP) 282 • 35.1.2 Configuration . . 282 • 35.1.3 Simple Configuration . . . 282 • 35.1.4 Other Configuration Parameters . . 283 • 35.1.5 Other One-Way TCP Senders . . . 284 • 35.2 TCP Receivers (sinks) . 285 • 35.2.1 The Base TCP Sink . . . . 285 • 35.2.2 Delayed-ACK TCP Sink . 285 • 35.2.3 Sack TCP Sink . 285 • 35.3 Two-Way TCP Agents (FullTcp) . 286 • 35.3.1 Simple Configuration . . . 286 • 35.3.2 BayFullTcp. . . 287 • 35.4 Architecture and Internals 287 • 35.5 Tracing TCP Dynamics . 289 • 35.6 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.7 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 7 • 35.8 Commands at a glance . 290 • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  19. ImportantNS-2 contents V • 17 Satellite Networking in ns 161 • 17.1 Overview of satellite models . . . 161 • 17.1.1 Geostationary satellites . . 161 • 17.1.2 Low-earth-orbiting satellites . . . . 162 • 17.2 Using the satellite extensions . . . 164 • 17.2.1 Nodes and node positions 164 • 17.2.2 Satellite links . . 165 • 17.2.3 Handoffs . . . . 167 • 17.2.4 Routing 168 • 17.2.5 Trace support . . 169 • 17.2.6 Error models . . 170 • 18 Radio PropagationModels 178 • 19 Energy Model in ns 183 • 20 Directed Diffusion 185 • 21 XCP: eXplicit Congestion control Protocol 192 • 22 DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay and Loss 199 • 23 Changes made to the IEEE 802.15.4 Implementation in NS-2.31 203 • 24 Debugging ns 206 • 25 Mathematical Support 211 • 26 Trace and Monitoring Support 221 • 26.1 Trace Support . 221 • 26.1.1 OTcl Helper Functions . . 222 • 26.2 Library support and examples . . 223 • 26.3 The C++ Trace Class . . 225 • 26.4 Trace File Format . . . . 226 • 26.5 Packet Types . 228 • 26.6 Queue Monitoring . . . . 229 • 26.7 Per-Flow Monitoring . . 231 • 26.7.1 The Flow Monitor . . . . 231 • 26.7.2 Flow Monitor Trace Format . . . . 231 • 26.7.3 The Flow Class . 232 • 26.8 Commands at a glance . 232 • IV Routing 242 • 30 Unicast Routing 243 • 31 Multicast Routing 254 • 32 Network Dynamics 267 • 33 Hierarchical Routing 274 • V Transport 278 • 34 UDP Agents 279 • 35 TCP Agents 281 • 35.1 One-Way TCP Senders . 282 • 35.1.1 The Base TCP Sender (Tahoe TCP) 282 • 35.1.2 Configuration . . 282 • 35.1.3 Simple Configuration . . . 282 • 35.1.4 Other Configuration Parameters . . 283 • 35.1.5 Other One-Way TCP Senders . . . 284 • 35.2 TCP Receivers (sinks) . 285 • 35.2.1 The Base TCP Sink . . . . 285 • 35.2.2 Delayed-ACK TCP Sink . 285 • 35.2.3 Sack TCP Sink . 285 • 35.3 Two-Way TCP Agents (FullTcp) . 286 • 35.3.1 Simple Configuration . . . 286 • 35.3.2 BayFullTcp. . . 287 • 35.4 Architecture and Internals 287 • 35.5 Tracing TCP Dynamics . 289 • 35.6 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.7 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 7 • 35.8 Commands at a glance . 290 • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  20. ImportantNS-2 contents VI • 18 Radio Propagation Models 178 • 19 Energy Model in ns 183 • 20 Directed Diffusion 185 • 21 XCP: eXplicit Congestion control Protocol 192 • 22 DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay and Loss 199 • 23 Changes made to the IEEE 802.15.4 Implementation in NS-2.31 203 • 24 Debugging ns 206 • 25 Mathematical Support 211 • 26 Trace and Monitoring Support 221 • 26.1 Trace Support . 221 • 26.1.1 OTcl Helper Functions . . 222 • 26.2 Library support and examples . . 223 • 26.3 The C++ Trace Class . . 225 • 26.4 Trace File Format . . . . 226 • 26.5 Packet Types . 228 • 26.6 Queue Monitoring . . . . 229 • 26.7 Per-Flow Monitoring . . 231 • 26.7.1 The Flow Monitor . . . . 231 • 26.7.2 Flow Monitor Trace Format . . . . 231 • 26.7.3 The Flow Class . 232 • 26.8 Commands at a glance . 232 • IV Routing 242 • 30 Unicast Routing 243 • 31 Multicast Routing 254 • 32 Network Dynamics 267 • 33 Hierarchical Routing 274 • V Transport 278 • 34 UDP Agents 279 • 35 TCP Agents 281 • 35.1 One-Way TCP Senders . 282 • 35.1.1 The Base TCP Sender (Tahoe TCP) 282 • 35.1.2 Configuration . . 282 • 35.1.3 Simple Configuration . . . 282 • 35.1.4 Other Configuration Parameters . . 283 • 35.1.5 Other One-Way TCP Senders . . . 284 • 35.2 TCP Receivers (sinks) . 285 • 35.2.1 The Base TCP Sink . . . . 285 • 35.2.2 Delayed-ACK TCP Sink . 285 • 35.2.3 Sack TCP Sink . 285 • 35.3 Two-Way TCP Agents (FullTcp) . 286 • 35.3.1 Simple Configuration . . . 286 • 35.3.2 BayFullTcp. . . 287 • 35.4 Architecture and Internals 287 • 35.5 Tracing TCP Dynamics . 289 • 35.6 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.7 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 7 • 35.8 Commands at a glance . 290 • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  21. ImportantNS-2 contents VII • 26 Trace and Monitoring Support 221 • 26.1 Trace Support . 221 • 26.1.1 OTcl Helper Functions . . 222 • 26.2 Library support and examples . . 223 • 26.3 The C++ Trace Class . . 225 • 26.4 Trace File Format . . . . 226 • 26.5 Packet Types . 228 • 26.6 Queue Monitoring . . . . 229 • 26.7 Per-Flow Monitoring . . 231 • 26.7.1 The Flow Monitor . . . . 231 • 26.7.2 Flow Monitor Trace Format . . . . 231 • 26.7.3 The Flow Class . 232 • 26.8 Commands at a glance . 232 • IV Routing 242 • 30 Unicast Routing 243 • 31 Multicast Routing 254 • 32 Network Dynamics 267 • 33 Hierarchical Routing 274 • V Transport 278 • 34 UDP Agents 279 • 35 TCP Agents 281 • 35.1 One-Way TCP Senders . 282 • 35.1.1 The Base TCP Sender (Tahoe TCP) 282 • 35.1.2 Configuration . . 282 • 35.1.3 Simple Configuration . . . 282 • 35.1.4 Other Configuration Parameters . . 283 • 35.1.5 Other One-Way TCP Senders . . . 284 • 35.2 TCP Receivers (sinks) . 285 • 35.2.1 The Base TCP Sink . . . . 285 • 35.2.2 Delayed-ACK TCP Sink . 285 • 35.2.3 Sack TCP Sink . 285 • 35.3 Two-Way TCP Agents (FullTcp) . 286 • 35.3.1 Simple Configuration . . . 286 • 35.3.2 BayFullTcp. . . 287 • 35.4 Architecture and Internals 287 • 35.5 Tracing TCP Dynamics . 289 • 35.6 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.7 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 7 • 35.8 Commands at a glance . 290 • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  22. ImportantNS-2 contents VIII • IV Routing 242 • 30 Unicast Routing 243 • 31 Multicast Routing 254 • 32 Network Dynamics 267 • 33 Hierarchical Routing 274 • V Transport 278 • 34 UDP Agents 279 • 35 TCP Agents 281 • 35.1 One-Way TCP Senders . 282 • 35.1.1 The Base TCP Sender (Tahoe TCP) 282 • 35.1.2 Configuration . . 282 • 35.2 TCP Receivers (sinks) . 285 • 35.2.1 The Base TCP Sink . . . . 285 • 35.2.2 Delayed-ACK TCP Sink . 285 • 35.2.3 Sack TCP Sink . 285 • 35.3 Two-Way TCP Agents (FullTcp) . 286 • 35.3.1 Simple Configuration . . . 286 • 35.3.2 BayFullTcp. . . 287 • 35.4 Architecture and Internals 287 • 35.5 Tracing TCP Dynamics . 289 • 35.6 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.7 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.8 Commands at a glance . 290 • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  23. ImportantNS-2 contents IX • 35 TCP Agents 281 • 35.1 One-Way TCP Senders . 282 • 35.1.1 The Base TCP Sender (Tahoe TCP) 282 • 35.1.2 Configuration . . 282 • 35.2 TCP Receivers (sinks) . 285 • 35.2.1 The Base TCP Sink . . . . 285 • 35.2.2 Delayed-ACK TCP Sink . 285 • 35.2.3 Sack TCP Sink . 285 • 35.3 Two-Way TCP Agents (FullTcp) . 286 • 35.3.1 Simple Configuration . . . 286 • 35.3.2 BayFullTcp. . . 287 • 35.4 Architecture and Internals 287 • 35.5 Tracing TCP Dynamics . 289 • 35.6 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 35.7 One-Way Trace TCP Trace Dynamics . . . 289 • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  24. ImportantNS-2 contents X • 36 SCTP Agents 291 • 40 Web cache as an application 334 • 43 Session-level Packet Distribution 365 • 45 Emulation 376 • 45.1 Introduction . . 376 • 45.2 Real-Time Scheduler . . 377 • 45.3 Tap Agents . . 377 • 45.4 Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.1 Pcap/BPF Network Objects . . . . 378 • 45.4.2 IP Network Objects . . . . 379 • 45.4.3 IP/UDP Network Objects . 379 • 45.5 An Example . . 380 • 45.6 Commands at a glance . 381 • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  25. ImportantNS-2 contents XI • IX Visualization with Nam - The Network Animator 382 • 46 Nam 383 • 47 Nam Trace 388

  26. Outline • Random Walk Mobility Model • Random Waypoint Mobility Model • Network Simulator • Mobile Networking in ns • Simulation Scenario • Home Work 2 Sharif university of Technology

  27. Mobile Networking in ns • The functions and procedures described in this subsection can be found in ~ns/mobilenode.{cc,h}, • ~ns/tcl/lib/ns-mobilenode.tcl, ~ns/tcl/mobility/dsdv.tcl, • ~ns/tcl/mobility/dsr.tcl, • ~ns/tcl/mobility/tora.tcl • Example scripts can be found in • ~ns/tcl/ex/wireless-test.tcl and ~ns/tcl/ex/wireless.tcl Sharif university of Technology

  28. Outline • Random Walk Mobility Model • Random Waypoint Mobility Model • Network Simulator • Mobile Networking in ns • Simulation Scenario • Home Work 2 Sharif university of Technology

  29. Simulation Scenario • We start by presenting simple script that run single TCP connection over 3-nodes over an area of size 500m over 400m • The location process is as follow : • The initial locations of nodes 0, 1 and 2 are respectively (5,5), (490,285) and (150,240) • At time 10, node 0 starts moving towards point (250,250) at a speed of 3m/s • At time 15, node 1 starts moving towards point (45,285) at a speed of 5m/s • At time 20, node 0 starts moving towards point (480,300) at a speed of 5m/s • Node 2 is still throughout the simulation • The simulation lasts 150s. At time 10 a TCP connection is initiated between node 0 and node 1 Sharif university of Technology

  30. Writing the TCL script • We begin by specifying some basic parameters for the simulation : • set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannelset val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGroundset val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhyset val(mac) Mac/802_11set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueueset val(ll) LLset val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntennaset val(ifqlen) 50 ;# max packet in ifqset val(x) 800;# X dimension of the topographyset val(y) 800;# Y dimension of the topographyset val(nn) 30 ;# number of nodes set val(rp) DSDVset val(stop) 150 ;# simulation time • These parameters are used in configuring of the nodes Sharif university of Technology

  31. Configures of a mobile node $ns_ node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) -llType $val(ll) -macType $val(mac) -ifqType $val(ifq) -ifqLen $val(ifqlen) -antType $val(ant) -propType val(prop) -phyType $val(netif) -channelType val(chan) -topoInstance $topo -agentTrace ON -routerTrace ON -macTrace OFF -MovementTrace ON For {set $i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr $i} { set node_($i) [$ns node] } Sharif university of Technology

  32. Initial location and movement of nodes • The initial location of node 0 given as follows : • $node_(0) set X_ 5.0 • $node_(0) set Y_ 5.0 • $node_(0) set Z_ 5.0 • A linear movement of a node is generated by specifying the time in which it start, the x and y values of the target point and the speed: $ns at 15.0 “$node_(1) setdest 45.0 285.0 5.0” Sharif university of Technology

  33. Ending the simulation • We need to create the initial node position for nam using For {set $i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr $i} { $ns initial_node_pos $node_($i) 30 } • We tell nodes when the simulation ends with : For {set $i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr $i} { $ns at $val(stop) “node_($i) reset” } Sharif university of Technology

  34. Outline • Random Walk Mobility Model • Random Waypoint Mobility Model • Network Simulator • Mobile Networking in ns • Simulation Scenario • Home Work 2 Sharif university of Technology

  35. Thingsto know • You must look at the mobile node source code and determine which of the mobility models support in it ? • You simulate a scenario and obtain it’s result with mobility model that exist • Then you must change that mobility model to another • You simulate your scenario again with this new mobility model and compare the result of this by previous results • Scenario will be done at 394.127 Sharif university of Technology

  36. Refrence • A collaboration between researchers at UC Berkeley, LBL, USC/ISI, and Xerox PARC, “The NS Manual”, 2005 • Lecture Notes 2003-2004 Univ. de Los andes, Merida, Venezuela, and ESSI, “NS simulator for beginners” • Tracy Camp, Jeff Boleng, Vanessa Davies, “A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research” , 2002 Sharif university of Technology

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