Jay Feuquay, USGS Ted Hammer, NASA Stan Schneider, NASA/NPOESS ASPRS Conference Baltimore MD

1. 1986 100 km 1997 Landsat Data Continuity Briefing Jay Feuquay, USGS Ted Hammer, NASA Stan Schneider, NASA/NPOESS ASPRS Conference Baltimore MD 10 March 2005 Deforestation: Amazon Courtesy TRFIC–MSU, Houghton et al, 2000.

2. Agenda • Background • Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status • Interagency Working Group • Data Continuity Strategy • Landsat on NPOESS • Summary

3. Background • “The Secretary of the Interior shall provide for long-term storage, maintenance, and upgrading of a basic, global land remote sensing data set….” P.L. 102-555 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 • NASA and DOI/USGS established as Landsat Program Management via Presidential Decision Directive NSTC-3 signed 5/5/94; amended 10/16/00 • NASA built, then launched Landsat 7 in 1999; USGS operates satellite and manages national long-term satellite data archive • Over 250 Landsat 7 scenes (nearly 8 million square kilometers) obtained perday by USGS

4. Background, con’t. • NASA and USGS develop a schedule for seasonal, global coverage, ensuring archive imagery for long-term land-cover record and before/after imagery of floods, forest fires, hurricanes, etc. anywhere on Earth Pre Tsunami Post Tsunami Population Impact

5. Background, con’t. • Landsat Archive • 33 Years and Counting: • Over 1.7 million Landsat scenes • Over 630 terabytes of data • Note: terabyte = 109 DVD movies • Grows by over 320 gigabytes/day • Fire History: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado

6. • 45-60 day orbital repeat • global coverage, years • global coverage, decades, if ever Background, con’t. Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing VIIRS 3300 km swath • global coverage, 2x/day/satellite • spatial resolution, 400/800m (nadir (Vis/IR)) AVHRR/ MODIS 2048 km swath • spatial resolution, 250m, 500m, 1000m • global coverage, 2 days MISR 360 km • spatial resolution, 275m, 550m, 1100m • global coverage, 9 days 183 km Landsat • spatial resolution, 15m, 30m • 16 day orbital repeat • seasonal global coverage ASTER 60 km • spatial resolution 15m, 30m, 90m Commercial Systems ~ 10 km • spatial resolution ~ 1m

7. Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing • Landsat remote sensing plays an important role in that… • It gives us the "big view“ (183 by 170 km) • It gives us a consistent, historical context and record • It provides complete multispectral coverage (visible to infrared) • It permits us to map geophysical parameters on regional, continental and global scales • It permits characterization of global land changes • Monitoring of gradual changes in ecosystems requires long-term, scientifically valid satellite coverage -- only Landsat provides that record • Landsat-resolution data are required to: • precisely assess the area(s) affected • separate human disturbances from those having natural origins • bridge the gap between field observations and global monitoring

8. Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status • Landsat 5 and its Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor are 18 years past 3-year design life • Data transmitted real-time direct downlink only; no onboard payload data recorder • Full US and partial global coverage • Fuel depleted in Spring, 2009 • Landsat 7 and its Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus (ETM+) sensor surpassed original design life of 5 years on April 15, 2004 • ETM+ scan line corrector (SLC) failure occurred on May 31, 2003 • The Landsat 7 images contain gaps • USGS developed Gap-Filled products • May 2004 failure of 1 of 3 gyros; no impact to imaging, but risk to extend operations increased • Fuel depleted in Spring, 2010

9. Landsat 7 Merged-Scene Product Post-anomaly Landsat 7 image Gaps filled with next image of same site

10. Risk of Landsat 7 Failure • Approach: • NASA engineers in consultation with USGS Flight Operations Team conducted a risk analysis • Used developer’s reliability analysis as a baseline • Analyzed gyroscopes from the same manufacturer as those on Landsat 7 (L7) analyzed Results: • The predominant reliability drivers are the gyros • Probability of L7 success decreases to 60% by second quarter CY 2005 • Probability of L7 success in mid 2010 (approximate time of Landsat 7 End-of-Fuel) is very low ~1%; probability of failure is ~ 99%

11. Landsat Data Gap Study Team NASA, USGS and Landsat user community representatives formed as team • Objective: Recommend options, using existing and near-term capabilities (not a gap filler mission), to populate the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive with science-quality data for land use/land cover change • Process: Identify needs, identify existing and near term capabilities, compare, synthesize methodologies, identify resources for implementation • Constraints and Assumptions • Focus on data acquisition solutions, NOT spacecraft or mission solutions • Focus on and be consistent with Public Law 102-555 • LDCM data specification is a requirement threshold • Though no single or combined data sources will fully meet Landsat continuity needs, team will recommend what can be done to lessen the impact of a data gap • Assume L7 failure in 2007 • L5 limited lifetime and capability • OLI data available 2010 • Some data sources under investigation: ResourceSat-1, DMC, CBERS, SPOT, ASTER, EO-1/ALI, RapidEye • Team to complete first phase in March 2005

12. LDCM Interagency Working Group • Interagency Working Group convened by White House (NSC, OMB, OSTP) after commercial replacement deemed not practical • Members of LDCM Working Group: • NASA • NOAA • USGS • NGA • NRO • Process: 6-8 months, examined over one hundred alternatives (e.g., flights of opportunity, dedicated mission) to meet the land imaging requirement • Final decision is consensus of White House and agencies

13. Landsat Data Continuity Strategy Memorandum from EOP/OSTP issued August 13, 2004, states that: • Landsat is a National Asset • The DoD, Department of the Interior, Department of Commerce and NASA agree to: • Transition Landsat measurements to an operational environment on the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) • Plan to incorporate a Landsat imager (Operational Land Imager – OLI) on the first NPOESS (known as C-1) scheduled for a late 2009 launch date • This strategy will be justified through the normal budget process

14. OLI/NPOESS Mission Advantages • Transition of Landsat into a truly operational measurement • Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020 • Leverage of proposed NPOESS infrastructure • Benefits derived from combining data from OLI with Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS): • Large scale processes of change detected by VIIRS can be more closely analyzed by OLI • OLI data can be used to better calibrate VIIRS and validate Environmental Data Records (EDRs) derived from VIIRS data conversely VIIRS spectral bands can be used to atmospherically correct OLI data • Terra (MODIS sensor) and Landsat 7 results have already demonstrated the potential of combining data

15. METOP NPOESS NPOESS Specialized Satellites NPOESS NOAA/NASA/DoD Tri-agency Effort to Leverage and Combine Environmental Satellite Activities • Mission • Provide a national, operational, polar-orbiting remote-sensing capability • Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings by converging DoD and NOAA satellite programs • Incorporate new technologies from NASA • Encourage International Cooperation 1730 1330 2130 Local Equatorial Crossing Time

16. Landsat on NPOESS Notional Location Nadir Operational Land Imager (OLI) Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Direction of Motion

17. NPOESS Orbit Is Reasonable Fit for Landsat Mission

18. OLI on NPOESS Space Segment • NASA and NOAA/Integrated Program Office (IPO) technical team working together to address detailed technical requirements, specifically to: • Support OLI Request for Proposal (RFP) • Finalize location on NPOESS spacecraft • Conduct trade analyses for interface • Refine definition of spacecraft bus and operations modifications • Define testing approach • Develop Interface Control and Requirements Documents

19. OLI/NPOESS Concept of Operations NPOESS SafetyNet Architecture • Landsat data are stored in a separate solid state recorder • NPOESS and OLI data downlinked to the SafetyNetTM sites on every pass • Recorder has capability to store up to 250 scenes • System capability is 400+ scenes per day • USGS to command OLI for acquisitions • OLI data will be forwarded to the USGS over commercial fiber cable from SafetyNet sites • Users pick up data directly from USGS or USGS can “push” data to local users

20. Landsat in the President’s 2006 Budget • Successful transition of Landsat (OLI) onto the NPOESS platform requires adequate funding of partner-agency responsibilities: • USGS to develop OLI data processing system, command OLI • NASA to develop two OLI instruments • NOAA/IPO to perform OLI integration on NPOESS, transmit OLI data to USGS • The budget also requests funds for USGS to address revenue losses resulting from the failure of the Landsat 7 scan-line corrector in ETM+ instrument • Details of individual funding requests are presented in each agency’s Congressional Justification • Not providing this funding or sustaining other reductions to the NPOESS program will increase the duration of a data gap and may threaten the viability of the Landsat partnership.

21. Summary • Implementation of the Operational Landsat Imager allows: • Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020 • Transition of Landsat into a truly operational measurement • OLI and VIIRS to provide mutually enhancing observations • NASA and NOAA/IPO teams working detailed technical requirements for implementing OLI on an NPOESS spacecraft • NASA, USGS as well as other representatives from the Landsat community working to identify an approach to lessen the potential impact of a Landsat data gap

22. BACK UP

23. Gap Filler Mission Option Decision • Gap Filler Mission deemed too high risk based upon cost and schedule analysis • Proposed Plan: Implement a Gap Filler mission that will fly in a 705 WRS-2 orbit • Does not address long term transition of Landsat to an operational measurement • Option needed to procure a Landsat instrument for delayed implementation on NPOESS (target NPOESS C-4 in the 2014 timeframe) • Cost and schedule benefit analysis resulted in low return for investment • Cost: • Additional funds required to procure instrument for a delayed implementation on NPOESS • Schedule: • Provides only one year of operational capability before NPOESS solution

25. Integrated Operational Requirements Document (IORD) Example Atmospheric Vertical Temperature ProfileHighly accurate measurement of the vertical distribution of temperature in the atmosphere in layers from the surface to 0.01 mb • Major Applications • Initialization of Numerical Weather Prediction Models • Complementary data for derivation of moisture/pressure profiles and cloud properties Iterative, Disciplined Requirements Process Ensures Users Needs are Met

26. Tropospheric winds Neutral winds All weather day/night imagery Coastal sea surface winds Ocean wave characteristics Surf conditions Oil spill location Littoral current CH4 column CO column CO2 column Optical background Sea and lake ice Coastal ocean color Bioluminescence potential Coastal sea surface temperature Sea surface height coastal Bathymetry Vertical hydrometeor profile Salinity Pre-Planned Product Improvement (P3I) EDR Candidates

27. TSKY TOBS TATM LCL LATM LRN FOG eij NPOESS Operational Concept 2. Downlink Raw Data 1. Sense Phenomena 3. Transport Data to Centrals for Processing Field Terminals Global fiber network connects 15 receptors to Centrals SafetyNet™Receptors 4. Process Raw data into EDRs and Deliver to Centrals Monitor and Control Satellites and Ground Elements AFWA NESDIS/NCEP MMC (Suitland) FNMOC Schriever MMC NAVO Full Capability at each Central

28. NPOESS Top Level Architecture GPS SpaceSegment NPP(1030) NPOESS1330 NPOESS1730 NPOESS2130 Low Rate Data/High Rate Data(LRD/HRD) Command& ControlSegment NPP Science Data Segment Field Terminal Segment Svalbard CLASS 15 Globally DistributedReceptor Sites FNMOC NAVOCEANO AFWA NESDIS/NCEP Alternate MMCat Schriever AFB Mission ManagementCenter (MMC)at Suitland Interface Data Processing Segment NPP Data & Control Flow NPOESS Data & Control Flow NOAA Comprehensive Large Array Data Stewardship System EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls CLASS

29. NPOESS Satellite and Sensors 1330 1730 2130 VIIRS X X X CMIS X X X CrIS X X ATMS X X SESS X XX OMPS X ADCS X X SARSAT X X X ERBS X SS X X X ALT X TSIS X APS X NPP X X X X Landsat X X = changed since award Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor Locations and “ring” Data Bus Allows Rapid Reconfiguration and Easy Integration

30. SafetyNet™ –Low Data Latency and High Data Availability Spain 75% of NPOESS Data Products at the Nation’s Weather Centrals within 15 min........the rest in under 30 min Forteleza Perth SafetyNet™ -- 15 globally distributed SMD receptors linked to the centrals via commercial fiber -- enables low data latency and high data availability

32. Program Schedule 2002 A&O Contract Award 2003 NPP Delta Critical Design Review 2005 NPOESS Preliminary Design Review 2006 NPOESS Critical Design Review NPP Ground Readiness 2007 NPP Launch 2009 NPOESS Ground Readiness 2009 NPOESS C1 Launch 2011 NPOESS C2 Launch Field Terminal Segment Readiness Initial Operational Capability 2013 NPOESS C3 Launch 2015 NPOESS C4 Launch 2017 NPOESS C5 Launch 2020 End of Program Reliable and timely collection, delivery, and processing of quality environmental data