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Biomass: A Renewable Resource

Biomass: A Renewable Resource. Nancy Dowe, Senior Scientist National Bioenergy Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory June 26, 2007. Today’s Presentation. Introduction to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory The world energy challenge Biomass as a solution

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Biomass: A Renewable Resource

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  1. Biomass: A Renewable Resource Nancy Dowe, Senior ScientistNational Bioenergy Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory June 26, 2007

  2. Today’s Presentation • Introduction to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory • The world energy challenge • Biomass as a solution • NREL’s biomass research and development

  3. The U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL develops renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and practices, advances related science and engineering, and transfers knowledge and innovations to address the nation’s energy and environmental goals.

  4. NREL R&D Portfolio • Renewable • Resources • Wind • Solar • Biomass • Geothermal • Oceans • Energy Delivery & Storage • Electricity Transmission & Distribution • Alternative Fuels • Hydrogen Delivery and Storage • Efficient Energy Use • Vehicles • Buildings • Industry

  5. The Energy Challenge Worldwide energy demand increasing Non-uniform access to affordable energy U.S. demand for fuels outstrips supply

  6. Worldwide Energy Demand Increasing World Energy Consumption, 1990-2025 644.6 553.5 411.5 348.2 17% 16% 10% 12% 8% 13% 16% 17% 24% 21% 21% 24% Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2004, Table A2

  7. Non-Uniform Access to Affordable EnergyImplications for national security and social stability Map of global energy poverty 1.6 billion people have no access to electricity, 80% of them in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa Source:: IEA World Energy Outlook 2002

  8. Demand for Fuels Outstrips Supply Domestic Production with Transportation Use (1970-2020)

  9. Biomass Is Part of the Solution • Biomass feedstocks can be: • Crop residues • Wood waste • Perennial crops • Corn • Algae Biomass is: • Abundant • Renewable • Carbon-neutral • The only sustainable source of hydrocarbons • Biomass can: • Fill the gap between energy demand and petroleum availability in the near term. • Be a renewable source of hydrogen in the long term.

  10. H C O 3 H C O 3 H O O C H O 3 O O O H O C H O C H 3 O 3 H O O O H O O C H 3 O C H O H 3 O O H O O H H O O O H O O H O O H O O H O O H O H O H O O H O H H C O O C H H O 3 3 O C H O 3 O H O O H H O O H O O O H O O C H O C H O H 3 3 O O O O H H O H O O C H O H O H 3 O O O H O H O O O H O O O H O O H O O H O H O H O O H O H O O O H O H H O H O H O O H O O O H O H O O H O H H O H C O O H O O H O 3 O O O C H 3 O H O H O O O O H O H H O H O O H O O O H O H O O H O H O O O H O O H O O H O H O H O H O O H O O H H O H O O O O H O H O O H H O O H O H O O H O O O O H O H O O O O H O H H O H O O O O O H O H O O H O H O O O H O O H O O H O H O O O H O H H O H O O O H O H O O H O H O O H O O O H O H O O O H O H H O O H O O H O H O O H O O H O O H H O O H O O H O O H O O H O H Constituents of Biomass • Lignin: 15%–25% • Complex aromatic structure • Very high energy content • Resists biochemical conversion • Hemicellulose: 23%–32% • Xylose is the second most abundant sugar in the biosphere • Polymer of 5- and 6-carbon sugars, marginal biochemical feed • Cellulose: 38%–50% • Most abundant form of carbon in biosphere • Polymer of glucose, good biochemical feedstock

  11. Uses • Fuels • Ethanol • Renewable diesel • Power • Electricity • Heat • Chemicals • Plastics • Solvents • Chemical intermediates • Phenolics • Adhesives • Furfural • Fatty acids • Acetic acid • Carbon black • Paints • Dyes, pigments, and ink • Detergents • Food and Feed Conversion Processes • Enzymatic fermentation • Gas/liquid fermentation • Acid hydrolysis/fermentation • Gasification • Combustion • Co-firing • Pyrolysis Biomass to Bioproducts Biomass Feedstocks • Trees • Grasses • Agricultural crops • Residues • Animal wastes • Municipal solid waste

  12. Focus of NREL’s R&D Integrated Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery

  13. Conversion Feedstock Reducing the Cost of Ethanol From Stover $6.00 State of Technology Estimates Enzyme $5.00 President's Biofuels Initiative Previous DOE Cost Targets Feed $53/ton Costs in 2002 Dollars $4.00 Minimum Ethanol Selling Price ($/gal) $3.00 $2.00 2005 Yield 65 gal/ton $1.00 Feed $30/ton Feed $30/ton Yield 90 gal/ton Yield 94 gal/ton 10,000 TPD $0.00 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

  14. Energy Delivered to Customer Fossil Energy Ratio (FER) = Fossil Energy Used Based solely on producing ethanol from corn stover with no chemical co-products Fossil Energy Ratio Source: J. Sheehan and M. Wang (2003)

  15. Role of DOE Labs in Bioenergy • Focus on execution of R&D for U.S. DOE Biomass Program within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy • Lignocellulose conversion to intermediates • Bio-based products from biomass • Integrated biorefinery concepts • Maintain a balanced portfolio • Long-term core research • Accurate process and life-cycle analysis modeling • Support to near-term commercialization projects • Build partnerships with industry

  16. Overview of NREL’s National Bioenergy Center Facilities • Thermochemical Conversion • Micro-reactors to pilot plants • Biochemical Conversion • Bench scale to ton/day • Genomics Laboratory • Tools for strain development • Biomass Characterization • Wet chemical and NIR • Spectroscopy Facilities • NMR, IR, LIBS, MBMS

  17. NREL’s Thermochemical User Facility • Thermochemical conversion process simulation • Gasification • Pyrolysis • Combustion • Fully automated 0.5-ton/day biomass conversion • Large-scale tar cracking and reforming reactor • Close-coupled biomass conversion and testing of downstream processes • 0.1–20 kg/h downstream reactors • Upgrading/conversion research

  18. NREL’s Alternative Fuels User Facility • Extensive pretreatment research • Full range of fermentation facilities (from shake flask to 9,000 liters) • Flexible integration and configuration • 1-ton/day fully automated pilot plant • Frequent industry use

  19. Summary Biomass is the only renewable option for liquid transportation fuels U.S. resource base sufficient to supply a large fraction of demand Cellulosic ethanol is one of the focuses of NREL’s research and development efforts

  20. Contacts • Thomas Foust, Technology Manager • Office of the Biomass Program, NREL thomas_foust@nrel.gov (303) 384-7755 • John Ashworth, Team Leader, Partnership Development National Bioenergy Center, NREL • john_ashworth@nrel.gov (303) 384-6858

  21. Additional Information • DOE Biomass Program Web Site http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/ • NREL Biomass Web Site http://www.nrel.gov/biomass • Alternative Fuels Data Center • http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc

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