Communities

1. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Chapter 3 3.1 Community Ecology Communities • A biological community-----group of interacting populations occupying the same area at the same time. Oasis

2. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Chapter 3 Ecological Succession • The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors is ecological succession. • Two types • Primary succession • Secondary succession.

3. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Chapter 3 • Primary succession-the establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock-no topsoil

4. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Chapter 3 Secondary succession • Orderly/predictable change- takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact is. Ex. Fire, tornado, volcano

5. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Chapter 3 Limiting Factors that affect species • Any abiotic factor or biotic factor restricts (limits): • numbers • reproduction • distribution of organisms • Ex: • sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, fire, soil chemistry, and space, and other living things

6. Population Ecology Chapter 4 Population-Limiting Factors- 2 categories density-independent factors: usually abiotic factors in which population has no control & includes natural disasters. Ex: air, land, water availability, human alterations of the landscape. Natural disasters such as drought, fire, flooding, tornado, hurricane, etc. density-dependent factors: often biotic factors, depends on # of members in population. Ex: Predation, disease, parasites, competition

7. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Chapter 3 Range of Tolerance • An upper limit and lower limit- defines the conditions an organism can survive • The ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic factors or biotic factors is called tolerance.

8. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Chapter 3 CDQ 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions • A • B • C • D Which biome is the most diverse? tundra tropical savanna tropical seasonal forest tropical rainforest

9. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Chapter 3 FQ 4 3.2 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D By what characteristics are biomes primarily named? by their average weather conditions by their latitudes and climates by the type of animal communities within them by the type of plant communities within them

10. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Average temperature (°C) Average precipitation (cm) 0 100 10 150 20 100 25 200 Chapter 3 STP 6 Standardized Test Practice • A • B • C • D What is the approximate average temperature and annual precipitation in the boreal forest biome?

11. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Chapter 3 STP 4 Standardized Test Practice • A • B • C • D What type of community is likely to exist near the top of a mountain? tundra arctic desert coniferous forest temperate grassland

12. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 Factors that Threaten Biodiversity are caused by one species…. Homo sapiens Humans are changing the conditions on Earth. • Overexploitation • Habitat Loss/Habitat Destruction • Pollution Acid Precipitation Eutrophication • Introduced species/Alien species

13. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Overexploitation -excessive use of species that have economic value • Rhinoceros • Bison • Ocelot • Passenger pigeons

14. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Pollution-harmful substances released into the environment; threaten biodiversity and global stability • Biological magnification- increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web. Ex: DDT levels in the American Bald Eagle – made eggshells fragile, broke before eggs could hatch.

15. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Acid Precipitation - sulfuric acid and nitric acid mix with water in the atmosphere. This depletes the calcium, potassium, etc. from the soil, depriving plants of nutrients. Assessing Water Quality

16. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity • Eutrophication – a type of water pollution that occurs when substances rich in nitrogen and phosphorus (ex: fertilizer) flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth. • The rapidly growing algae use up the oxygen and other organisms suffocate.

18. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 • Renewable resources- Resources that are replaced by natural processes faster than they are consumed. Ex. Pine trees • Nonrenewable resources-Resources on Earth in limited amounts or replaced by natural processes over extremely long periods of time Ex: Fossil fuels, radioactive uranium • Sustainable use - using resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled Ex: Preservation & Conserving.

19. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 CDQ 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions • A • B • C • D What form of pollution is caused by extensive algae growth in waterways? acid precipitation eutrophication biological magnification edge effects

20. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 CDQ 3 Chapter Diagnostic Questions • A • B • C • D Which is not a renewable resource? solar energy fossil fuels agricultural plants clean water

21. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 FQ 2 5.1 Formative Questions • A • B It is likely that some of the world’s unidentified species will have economic value. true false

22. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 FQ 5 5.2 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D Where are most extinctions likely to occur in the near future? deserts grasslands tropical forests temperate forests

23. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 FQ 7 5.2 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D What is the number one cause of species extinction today? habitat loss human predators transported diseases background extermination

24. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 FQ 8 5.3 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D Which resource is nonrenewable? agricultural plants clean water forest timber mineral deposits

25. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 CAQ 1 Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the figure. Name the process that is occurring with the increasing concentration of DDT. • A • B • C • D pollution extinction biological magnification habitat fragmentation

26. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 STP 2 Standardized Test Practice • A • B • C • D How does genetic diversity increase a species’ chance of survival? It increases the number of organisms that have useful genes. It increases the ability of a species to adapt toenvironmental changes. It produces a variety of species within a biological community. It randomly distributes members of a species throughout an ecosystem.

27. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 STP 3 Standardized Test Practice • A • B • C • D If a toxic substance enters this food web, which animals will have the highest concentration of the toxic substance in their tissues? fishes killer whales sea otters sea urchins

28. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 STP 4 Standardized Test Practice • A • B • C • D What type of substances causes eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems? acid rain fertilizers PCBs pesticides

29. Biodiversity and Conservation land area population industrialization availability of resources Chapter 5 STP 5 Standardized Test Practice • A • B • C • D Which factor has the greatest impact on a country’s rate of natural resource consumption?