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BLACK START RESTORATION

BLACK START RESTORATION. “Aropyate Shila Shale Yatnena mahata Yatha Nipatyate Kshanena dhasta Thatatma Gunadoshayo”.

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BLACK START RESTORATION

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  1. BLACK START RESTORATION

  2. “Aropyate Shila Shale Yatnena mahata Yatha Nipatyate Kshanena dhasta Thatatma Gunadoshayo” “A large piece of stone could be taken to the top of hill with Combined efforts of many people successfully but the same could roll down in no time with a small mistake on the part of an individual”

  3. Integrated Power System Spreads over thousands of square kilometers Hundreds of Generating Units Thousands of Circuit Kilometers of Lines Tens of Thousands of Devices SINGLE LARGEST COMPLEX MACHINE 100% Reliability IMPOSSIBLE

  4. DISTURBANCES IN SR

  5. LINKS RESTORATION OBJECTIVES MODES OF OPERATION RESTORATION PROBLEMS RESTORATION STRATEGIES RESTORATION TASKS BUILD DOWN RESTORATION PLANNING BUILD UP SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS ESTABLISHMENT OF GOALS FORMULATION OF ASSUMPTIONS LOGISTICS AND COMMUNICATIONS AUDITS AND UPDATES COMMANDO GROUP TRAINING PHILOSOPHY OF ISLANDING DOCUMENTAION THUMB RULES MORE LINKS

  6. RESTORATION LINKS TYPICAL PROBLEMS BLACK START RESTORATION IN SR SC LEVELS MAP SYNCH FREQ CURVE 14TH MAY DIST 23 JAN 02 DISTURBANCE POWER SWING SPARE GENERAL GUIDELINES SR PROCEDURES FOR SOUTHERN REGION RESTORATION PROCEDURE:MAPS RESTORATION PROCEDURE:NLC RESTORATION PROCEDURE:KAPS START UP FOR NTPC LIST OF GENERATORS WITH BLACK START LIST OF SUB STATIONS WITH BS CAPABILITY CURVE GEN STARTUP DIAGRAM AP NTPC STARTUP SCENARIOS STARTUP DIAGRAM KARNATAKA

  7. FOUR MODES OF OPERATION NORMAL RESTORATIVE A L E R T ISLANDING EMERGENCY

  8. RESTORATION OBJECTIVES • RESTORING NORMAL SYSTEM OPERATION AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE • SYNCHRONISING OF AT LEAST ONE UNIT AT ALL POWER STATION • RESTORING ESSENTIAL LOADS • ESTABLISHING ALL INTERCONNECTIONS • STARTING ECONOMIC DISPATCH • STARTING ALLOCATION OF C. S SHARE • MINIMIZING AMOUNT OF UNSERVED ENERGY

  9. RESTORATION PROBLEMS • IMPAIRED COMMUNICATIONS, LIMITED INFORMATION. • RE-ASSEMBLING TIE ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM. • UNFAMILIARITY WITH THE SITUATION (DOES NOT OCCUR REGULARLY) • TIME CONSTRAINTS • INFORMATION TO BE FURNISHED TO AUTHORITIES- PRESSURE ON OPERATOR

  10. RESTORATION TASKS • SYSTEM STATUS DETERMINATION • PLANT PREPARATION SERVICES/START-UP • NETWORK PREPARATION • NETWORK ENERGISATION • LOAD RESTORATION • SYSTEM REBUILDING

  11. EXTENT OF BLACK OUT AND ACTUAL REQUIREMENT • IDENTIFICATION OF BOUNDARIES OF ENERGISED AREAS • ASCERTAINING FREQUENCY & VOLTAGE OF ENERGISED AREA • STATUS OF GENERATING PLANTS(HOT/COLD/HOUSELOAD ) • NON AVAILABILITY OF ELEMENTS(LC/FAULT ETC) • OVERLOADING OF ELEMENTS • LOADS INTERRUPTED BY UNDER- FREQUENCY RELAY OPERATION OR DIRECT TRIPPING • STATUS OF BREAKERS SYSTEM STATUS DETERMINATION

  12. PLANT SURVIVAL AND START UP • CONSIDERATION OF TIME-CRITICAL BOILER- TURBINE START-UP CHARACTERISTICS (FOR PREDOMINANTLY THERMAL SYSTEMS) • SURVIVAL POWER SUPPLY TO THE PLANTS AT THE EARLIEST WITH AVAILABLE ARRANGEMENT (DG SETS) FOR • Turbine emergency oil pump • . Jacking oil pumps • . Barring gear of the turbine • . Lubricating oil pumps • . Emergency lighting • . Battery charger • Compressor for CB THUMB RULES

  13. ALL DG/GT’S TO RUN TO PROVIDE START UP POWER. • ESTIMATION OF TOTAL START UP POWER REQUIRED TO RUN AT LEAST ONE MACHINE OF EACH POWER STATIONS. • TAKING CARE NOT TO LOAD THE GENERATOR SUPPLYING START-UP POWER BEYOND 80% OF ITS CAPACITY. • RELEASING AUXILIARY POWER IN STEPS. • THE CAPACITY (I.E. FAULT LEVEL) OF ISLAND (SUPPLYING START UP POWER) TO SUSTAIN- STARTING CURRENT 0F BFP ETC. TO BE CHECKED. PLANT SURVIVAL AND START UP

  14. NETWORK PREPARATION • CLEARING ALL DE-ENERGISED BUSES • GLOBAL OPENING OF ALL THE BREAKERS • ELSE:-SELECTIVE BREAKER OPERATION AFTER CAREFUL CONSIDERATION • SECTIONALISING A SYSTEM INTO SUB-SYSTEMS TO ENABLE PARALLEL RESTORATION OF ISLANDS • AUTOMATICALLY SWITCHED CAPACITORS AND UNDER FREQUENCY RELAYS MAY HAVE TO BE KEPT OUT OF SERVICE AT THE INITIAL STAGE

  15. NETWORK ENERGISATION • IDENTIFY THE IMPORTANT AND ESSENTIAL LOADS TO BE RESTORED FIRST • AT EVERY STAGE WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO SATISFY • REACTIVE POWER BALANCE • LOAD GENERATION BALANCE • PROTECTION AND PLANT CONTROL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS • HVDC IMPORT – ONLY WHEN MIN FAULT LEVEL IS AVAILABLE. • AVOID PARALLELING ISLANDS THROUGH WEAK LINKS THUMB RULES

  16. NETWORK ENERGISATION PLANT CONTROL SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS A) MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS • REGULATION OF RATE OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE TO BE KEPT MANUAL • CONTROL FEED WATER WITH THE SOLE OBJECTIVE OF MAINTAINING DRUM LEVEL AT SET POINT • PLANTS HAVING FEED WATER REGULATING VALVES PREFERABLE TO THOSE HAVING TURBINE-DRIVEN FEED PUMPS • TWO FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS - ONE (OR NONE) AUTOMATIC AND ONE (OR BOTH) IN MANUAL.

  17. B) ELECTRICAL CONSIDERATIONS • VOLTAGE REGULATOR TO BE SWITCHED TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL (FROM MANUAL) ONLY WHEN THE UNIT REACHES A MIN. OPERATING POINT AND A SUFFICIENT VAR GENERATION 1S ESTABLISHED • PROTECTIVE RELAYS SUCH AS VOLTS PER HZ, OUT OF STEP, UNDER EXCITATION, DISTANCE, FREQUENCY & FIELD. FORCING CAN INITIATE AN UNDESIRABLE REGULATOR RESPONSE OR GENERATOR TRIP DURING START UP NETWORK ENERGISATION

  18. NETWORK ENERGISATION STRUCTURAL • SYSTEM SIZE • METROPOLITAN OR RURAL • COMPACT OR EXTENSIVE GENERATION • TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE LEVELS • TYPES AND SIZES OF LOAD BLOCKS • AVAILABILITY OF INTERCONNECTION ASSISTANCE

  19. NETWORK ENERGISATION DYNAMICS • REACTIVE CAPABILITIES OF GENERATORS /SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS UNDER NORMAL AND EMERGENCY OPERATING CONDITIONS. • SHUNT REACTOR AND CAPACITOR SIZES, LOCATIONS AND MODES OF CONTROL. • CHARGING CURRENTS AND MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE OVERVOLTAGE, TRANSFORMER REACTANCES, TAP RANGES AND MODES OF CONTROL • GENERATOR MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM OUTPUTS UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

  20. NETWORK ENERGISATION REACTIVE POWER BALANCE THUMB RULES

  21. NETWORK ENERGISATION LOAD GENERATION BALANCE • TYPE OF THE LOAD • PEAK OR OFF PEAK • COLD LOAD INRUSH • GENERATOR CAPACITY • MINIMUM LOADING OF GENERATOR • RESPONSE TO SUDDEN LOAD PICKUP • TIME ELAPSED(HOT START)

  22. LOAD RESTORATION • DURING RESTORATION EFFECT OF EACH RESTORATION ACTION ON FOLLOWING TO BE CONSIDERED • GENERATOR LOADING • TRANSMISSION LINE LOADING • LOAD ANGLE • RATE OF LOADING • RESPONSE OF THE GEN TO LOAD CHANGE • CHANGE IN SYSTEM FREQ AND OPERATION OF UFR’S • FLUCTUATING LOADS- EX. TRACTION, FURNACE ETC. THUMB RULES

  23. RESTORATION STRATEGIES • BUILD DOWN OR SEQUENTIAL STRATEGY • BUILD UP OR PARALLEL STRATEGY

  24. BUILD DOWN OR SEQUENTIAL STRATEGY • RE-ENERGIZATION OF BULK POWER NETWORK • BALANCED STEP-BY-STEP RESTORATION OF LOADS AND GENERATION • SUITABLE FOR • SMALL SYSTEMS NOT HAVING LONG EHV LINES • OR PREDOMINANTLY HYDRO SYSTEMS WITH HIGH REACTIVE ABSORPTION CAPABILITY • OR FOR LARGE SYSTEMS WITH VERY COMPACT SERVICE TERRITORIES • USUALLY SELECTED WHEN STRONG NEIGHBOURING INTERCONNECTION ASSISTANCE 1S AVAILABLE • INTERCONNECTION STATUS IS TO BE ASSESSED, HENCE TIME CONSUMING AND TASKING.

  25. BUILD UP STRATEGY • SIMULTANEOUS RESTORATION OF ISLANDS/ SUBSYSTEMS FOLLOWED BY THEIR MUTUAL SYNCHRONIZATION • USUALLY SELECTED IN CASE OF A COMPLETE SYSTEM COLLAPSE AND LACK OF INTERCONNECTION ASSISTANCE • RELATIVELY QUICK PROCESS • REQUIRES SEVERAL OPERATING TEAMS AND ADEQUATE COMMUNICATION FACILITIES FOR MUTUAL COORDINATION

  26. BUILD UP EXAMPLE- AP SYSTEM RESTORATION NSR+SSLM VTS+GAS RyTPP+ CUDDAPAH RADIAL ON TN

  27. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS • FIRM TRANSMISSION IN THE INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN SUBSYSTEMS AND FIRM GENERATION CAPACITY IN EACH SUB SYSTEM TO BE ENSURED DURING EARLY STAGES OF RESTORATION • DEACTIVATION OF AUTOMATIC LOAD SHEDDING AND AUTOMATIC SWITCHED CAPACITORS DURING INITIAL STAGES, • RESTORATION OF SMALLER RADIAL LOADS FOLLOWED BY LOW VOLTAGE AC NETWORK LOADS WHILE MAINTAINING REASONABLY CONSTANT REAL TO REACTIVE POWER RATIO • PICKING UP SMALL BLOCKS OF LOADS FOLLOWED BY AS LARGE AS POSSIBLE, WITHOUT RISKING DANGEROUS DECLINE OF FREQUENCY, AS RESTORATION PROCEEDS. • KEEPING GENERATOR TERMINAL VOLTAGES RELATIVELY LOW INITIALLY, AND ADJUSTING TRANSFORMER TAPS, SUBSEQUENTLY AS RESTORATION PROCEEDS

  28. RESTORATION PLANNING GENERAL GUIDELINES FORMATION OF A PLANNING TEAM • PARTICIPATION OF EXPERIENCED/KNOWLEDGEABLE PERSONNEL FROM RESPECTIVE FIELDS LIKE PROTECTION, COMMUNICATION, OPERATIONS, SYSTEM ANALYSIS ETC. • REVIEW OF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS (RELEVANT TO RESTORATION)

  29. RESTORATION PLANNING COMMON CONCERNS • TIME CONSUMING NATURE OF SWITCHING OPERATION • START-UP TIMINGS OF THERMAL UNITS • FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF PRIME MOVERS TO SUDDEN LOAD PICK UP • COLD LOAD INRUSH, POWER FACTORS AND COINCIDENT DEMAND FACTORS • AVAILABILITY OF GOVERNOR FACILITIES OF UNITS

  30. FORMULATION OF ASSUMPTIONS • WORST POSSIBLE SCENARIO TO BE CONSIDERED USING SYSTEM OPERATORS EXPERIENCE AND JUDGEMENT • CONSTRAINTS MAY DIFFER WIDELY FOR PEAK AND LEAN CONDITIONS • COORDINATION OF LOAD PICKUP WITH GENERATOR RESPONSE AND ARRESTING FALL OF FRFQUFNCY, BEYOND PRIME MOVER RECOVERY CAPABILITY UNDER PEAK CONDITION • BLACK-START FACILITIES MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE DURING WEEK END LEAN PERIOD

  31. ESTABLISHMENT OF GOALS • LOCAL CONDITIONS LIKE GENERATIOR MIX TYPE OF LOAD AND CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE • IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE (SYSTEM SPECIFIC) COULD BE. • RE-ENERGIZING THE BULK POWER NETWORK • OR ATTAINING A CERTAIN LEVEL OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVE CAPABILITY • ORPICKING UP A DOWNTOWN LOAD • OR SUPPLYING TIME-CRITICAL INDUSTRIAL LOADS • OR ENERGIZING EHV LINE TO A REMOTE, LARGE GENERATING STATION

  32. VALIDATION OF ASSUMPTIONS • PROPER MODELLING OF STEADY STATE AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF POWER SYSTEM • CONFIRMING THE FEASIBILITY AND SECURITY OF PROPOSED ACTIONS USING A VARIETY OF ANALYSIS AND SIIMULATION TOOLS LIKE STEADY- STATE POWER FLOW, TRANSIENT AND DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENT SIMULATIONS • LOAD DATA, GENERATION DATA ETC. TO BE PREPARED CAREFULLY ITERATION TWO ITERATIONS ARE INVOLVED - • MODELS HAVE TO BE VALIDATED AGAINST MEASURED AND TELEMETERED DATA • THE RESTORATION PLAN (TACTICS) DEVELOPED TO BE CHECKED AGAINST THE INITIAL STRATEGY FOR CONFORMITY AND FEASIBILITY

  33. LOGISTICS AND COMMUNICATION • CLOSE AND CONTINUAL CO-ORDINATION AMONG POWER SYSTEM POWER PLANT AND FIELD OPERATORS •   NEIGHBOURING UTILITIES, AUTHORITIES TO BE INFORMED TIME TO TIME ABOUT THE PROGRESS OF RESTORATION. • TO DEPEND MORE ON THE UTILITIES’ OWN COMMUNICATION FACILITIES • FALL BACK ARRANGEMENT IN CASE OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE.

  34. EXPERT / COMMANDO GROUP • COMMANDO GROUP TO BE FORMED AS THE SYSTEM COMPLEXITY GROWS. • GROUP SHOULD CONSIST OF ENGINEERS FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS AND BELONGING TO DIFFERENT UTIILITIES. • PERFECT UNDERSTANDINGIN THIS CORE GROUP • IT ENCHANCES THE MORAL STRENGTH OF FIELD OFFICERS AS WELL AS REDUCES RESTORATION TIME

  35. AUIDITS AND UPDATES • A TECHNICAL PERSON OUTSIDE THE RESTORATION TEAM SHOULD AUDIT THE ACTIVITIES. • AUDITED RESTORATION PLAN MUST BE UPDATED. • DOCUMENTS MUST BE REVISED REGULARLY TO REFLECT THE LATEST CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM. • CHANGES IN THE SCADA/EMS INSTALLATION OR MAJOR PLANT CONTROL, AVAILABLE TOOLS ALSO TO BE INCORPORATED.

  36. TRAINING • INSTRUCTION MANUALS OR AUDIO –VISUAL TAPES, FOR INDEPENDENT STUDY • CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONS • LEARNING FROM PAST EXPERIENCE DURING RESTORATION. • OPERATOR TRAINING SIMULATOR. • ROLE PLAY • OPERATOR’ S PROBLEM SOLVING CAPABILITY CAN ALSO BE EXPLORED AND DEVELOPED. • ALTERNATIVE, SOURCE OF FINDING NEW IDEAS. • DETAILED INTERACTION WITH THE PERSONS INVOLVED IN RESTORATION

  37. DOCUMENTATION PURPOSE: TRAINING- REFERENCE, IMPROVEMENT OF RESTORATION PROCEDURES. SHOULD BE READILY ACCESSIBLE AND EASILY UNDERSTOOD. SHOULD BE STORED IN A CONVENIENT MEDIA FOR QUICK PROCESSING. SHOULD BE ILLUSTRATED WITH FAMILIAR DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS ACTIONS REJECTED AND INCORPORATED IN THE PLAN MUST BE RECORDED

  38. BLACK START RESTORATIONIN SOUTHERN REGION

  39. BLACK START RESTORATIONIN SOUTHERN REGION SUMMARY • MOSTLY PARALLEL APPROACH FOLLOWED. • ASSISTANCE FROM WR FOR START UP OF RAMAGUNDAM UNITS ON AC BYPASS MODE • ISTS USED FOR INTEGRATION OF SYSTEM

  40. 51.5 HZ 47.7 HZ BLACK START RESTORATIONIN SOUTHERN REGION: PROBLEMS • LOW INERTIA OF ISLANDS- FREQUENCY FLUCTUATION • LOW SC LEVELS- LARGE VOLTAGE EXCURSIONS • CHARGING LONG LINES – HIGH VOLTAGES AND MVAR ABSORBTION BY GENERATORS • V/f SETTING OF TRANSFORMERS SC LEVELS

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