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Immunity

Explore the primary function of the immune system and its role in providing protection against pathogens and toxins. Learn about the different types of pathogens, the comparison between bacteria and viruses, and the defenses of the immune system. Discover the specific and non-specific defenses, lymphocyte function, cell-mediated immunity, antibody-mediated immunity, and the concept of memory cells. Also, gain insights into vaccines, autoimmune disorders, and common infections like the common cold, influenza, rubella, and strep throat.

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Immunity

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  1. Immunity Biology Adlai E. Stevenson High School

  2. Primary Function of the Immune System • Provides protection against disruption by pathogens or toxins • Helps discriminate between “self” and “nonself” • Pathogen - Definition: • Any disease causing agent (microorganisms) • Types: • Bacteria • Viruses • Parasites • Fungi

  3. Yes Yes Yes Enters body, makes proteins & enzymes that are toxic (antigens) ? Not a cell DNA+ protein Not without a host No, can only treat symptoms 1)injects DNA into host 2)Uses host’s machinery to make more viruses 3)host breaks open releasing virus copies Pathogen ComparisonBacteria vs. Virus • Are they living? • Can they reproduce? • Do antibiotics work? • How do they attack?

  4. The DefensesNon-Specific • Definition: • Agents do not have to recognize a foreign invader to fight it (work by preventing pathogen from entering the body) • Examples: • Skin • Tears • Saliva • Sweat • Mucus • Macrophage

  5. The DefensesSpecific • Definition: • Agents attacks only certain invaders, specialized defense • Types of Cells • Helper T cells • 1st line of specific defense • Help recruit other immune cells & tell them to attack certain invaders • Killer T cells • Can distinguish virus infected cells from uninfected cells by the unique molecular signals on the infected cells surface • B cells • Told by helper T cells to make antibodies to prevent specific antigens from hurting the body…. “Memory”

  6. Cell Mediated Immunity Antibody Mediated Immunity Lymphocyte Function • T cell response • Attach to foreign antigen bearing cells and interact directly • B cell response • Differentiate into plasma cells • Produce antibodies

  7. Antibodies & Antigens • Chemical signal on the surface of a pathogen • Proteins • Can recognize chemical signals from another cell (pathogen) • “Self” • Y shape

  8. Cell Mediated ImmunityKiller (cytotoxic) T cells Killer T cells recognize body cells infected with a virus; then destroy those cells by drilling holes in their plasma membranes.

  9. Cell or Antibody Mediated ImmunityHelper T cells Helper T cells start the immune response by activating B or T cells.

  10. T cells and cell-mediated immunity Antigen-presenting cell Macrophage cytotoxic T cell suppressor T cell Helper T cell B cell APC Antigen-presenting cell

  11. Antibody Mediated Immunity • B cells • Activated when it encounters an antigen that fits its antigen receptor • Proliferates (colonial expansion) • Plasma cells-->antibodies • Memory cells-->future fights

  12. Vaccines • What is in the shot they give you? • Dead or inactive (attenuated) pathogens • How does it work? • Cause B cells to make antibodies against the foreign antigen

  13. The Memory of Infection

  14. Autoimmune Disorders • “Auto” = self • Definition: a disease in which the immune system attacks the tissue of the body; cause is generally unknown • Immune system distinguishes “self” from “non-self • Examples: • multiple sclerosis (MS) - T cells destroy myelin sheath around neurons

  15. Common Cold Virus Influenza; contagious viral infection of the nose, throat and lungs which often occurs in the winter. Rubella virus German measles Streptococcus bacterium Strep throat is an infection of the pharynx caused by streptococcus bacteria. Treatments: Strep Throat Antibiotics such as penicillin or erythromycin Rubella Vaccine Influenza Cold Virus, Rubella, & Strep

  16. AIDS-HIV

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