New World Beginnings

1. New World Beginnings

2. People Reach the Americas • People crossed the ice bridge (Bering Strait) about 35,000 years ago • By 1492, the american peoples evolved into tribes with: • 2,000 separate languages • Separate cultures • Diverse religions

3. Earliest Americans • The development of corn (maize) transformed nomadic groups into settled agricultural villages (especially Central and South America) • North American villages were influenced by corn (i.e.. Pueblo villages in the Rio Grande) • Mound Builders (Ohio River Valley) used corn, beans, and squash [“three sister farming”]

4. The Serpent Mound, Hopewell Indians Mesa Verde, Anasazi people

5. European Wants • Since the crusades, Europeans acquired a taste for luxury goods from Asia (i.e.. Silk, drugs, spices (sugar), perfumes) • Trade routes grew from European desires controlled mainly through the Med. Sea by Italian merchants and around Africa by the Portuguese • New technology allowed ships to sail further from their homeland

6. Columbus • Columbus sailed west to find a trade route to the “Indies” • When Columbus discovered the new world, he named the natives “Indians” • The discovery effected 4 continents: • Europe – provided the markets and capital • Africa – provided the labor • New World – provided the natural resources

7. Worlds Collide • New world goods flooded European markets: corn, potatoes, pineapples, tobacco, beans • Old world goods introduced new crops and animals to the Americas: wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, pigs • Old world disease (germs) was responsible for devastating Indian populations

8. Spanish Conquistadors • Spain secured a majority of newly discovered land dividing with Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Spain conquered the new world in the service of God and Gold: • Vasco Nunez Balboa: discovered the P.O. • Ferdinand Magellan: Navigated the globe • Juan Ponce de Leon: explored Florida • Francisco Coronado: discovered the pueblos • Hernando de Soto: discovered the Mississippi • Francisco Pizarro: conquered the Incas • Hernan Cortez: conquered the Aztecs

10. English & French Interest in the New World • English went John Cabot to explore the Northeast coast (1497-98) • French sent Jacques Cartier exploring the St. Lawrence River (1534) and Robert de Salle ventured down the Mississippi (1680’s) • Spain established forts to fortify their settlements in the New World (i.e.. Florida and Texas) • 1769, Spanish founded a chain of 21 missions along the coast of California by Father Junipero Serra

11. The Planting of English America

12. 16th Century England • Religious conflict disrupted an overseas empire: • King Henry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church • English Protestant revolution seesawed power between Catholics and Protestants • Queen Elizabeth rivaled Spain for European dominance and the Elizabethan Age was a golden age for England

13. England’s first attempt to colonize the new world was lead by Sir Walter Raliegh on Roanoke Island in 1583 ended in failure

14. Jamestown • The Virginia Company of London received a charter from King James I • The Company expected profits, colonists were expected to turn a quick profit • The charter guaranteed the Virginia settlers the same rights of Englishmen guaranteeing the protections of English institutions Virginia Company’s Coat pf Arms

15. Tragedy 1607-1609 • The first years of Jamestown, colonists died in droves. Starvation because of lack of survival skill in the wild. • Disease spread throughout the colony for years • By 1625, there were only 1,200 colonists out of the 8,000 that tried to start a new life

16. Virginia’s Gold • John Rolfe perfected the raising and cultivation of tobacco (father of tobacco industry) • European demand for tobacco overwhelmed supply brought prosperity • Land was in demand and a broad-acred plantation system needed labor • 1619, Virginia authorized an assembly to meet to self-govern the colony called the House of Burgesses

17. Chesapeake Indian’s • With the establishment of Jamestown, saw the Powhatan Indians as threats to the colonists • First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610): marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe to keep the peace • Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644): banished all Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral land • Indians didn’t have any valuable commodities to offer English colonial economies (no slavery/wanted land)

18. Maryland: Catholic Haven • Established by Lord Baltimore in 1634 • Established for fellow Catholics persecuted in protestant England • Large farms planted tobacco and encouraged white indentured servants to work in exchange for passage • Pressured by protestants all around them, they passed the Act of Toleration of 1649; excluding all Jews and Atheists

19. The Carolinas • During the English Civil War, colonization had been interrupted • In 1670, Charles II established Carolina for the aristocracy to support colonies in Barbados • Many Carolina settlers emigrated from Barbados and brought the slave trade with them as well as the Barbados slave codes

20. Southern Way of Life • Rice emerged as a principal export in Carolina • African slaves had agricultural skill and a relative immunity to malaria • By 1710, the majority of Carolinians were slaves • Aristocratic southern life began

21. North Carolina • Poverty stricken squatters migrated from the plantations of Virginia to the northern area of Carolina • Struggles between Virginia and South Carolina created the need for separation in 1712 and became a royal colony • The coastal Indians (Tuscaroa Tribe) were defeated and sold into slavery and the Yamasees were destroyed by 1720

22. The Buffer Colony • Georgia was founded in 1733 (last of 13) to serve as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the French in Louisiana • James Oglethorpe was primarily responsible for defending the colony from Spanish attacks • Georgia grew slowly and was the least populous colony

23. Settling the Northern Colonies

24. Pilgrims at Plymouth • Protestants who decided to separate themselves from the church of England • Negotiated to stay in Virginia but chose Plymouth Bay in1620 • Created the Mayflower Compact: an agreement to establish a government and submit to the will of the majority • Later joined the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter

25. Northern, Southern and Middle Colonies • Northern colonies = small farm, personalized town meetings, industry, religiously controlled • Middle colonies = mid-sized farms, mild industry, ethnically blended, religious toleration • Southern colonies = large big acreage plantation farms, little industry, county government

26. Massachusetts Bay Colony • 1629, moderate Puritans secured a royal charter with Boston becoming the hub • During the “Great Migration” of the 1630’s, about 20,000 migrated to Massachusetts • John Winthrop became the first governor which led to the colonies success in trade • Created a government built to enforce God’s laws and only Puritan men were allowed to be freemen

27. Dissenters • Anne Hutchinson challenged the orthodox way of the Puritans and was put on trial; exiled to Rhode Island • Roger Williams wanted extreme separation from the Church of England and condemned the Bay colony for allowing government regulate religion • Established Rhode Island in 1636 for religious tolerance and secured a royal charter in 1644

28. New England Spreads Out • English and Dutch settlers established Hartford in 1635 • By 1639, the settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted the Fundamental Orders • Democratically controlled by “substantial” citizens • Maine and New Hampshire were separated from the bay colonies and became royal charters

29. Puritans v. Indians • As English settlers advanced further inland, they clashed with Indians • In Connecticut (1637), English and the Pequot tribe waged war • English militia and the Narragansett Indian allies slaughtered the Pequots ending the war • In 1675, Metacom (King Philip) forged an Indian alliance against the English and hit 52 Puritan towns • King Philip’s War slowed westward expansion

30. Seeds of Unity • In 1643, four colonies banded together to form the New England Confederation • Bay colony • Plymouth colony • New Haven • Connecticut valley settlements • Delegates acted together on matters of intercolonial importance • Eventually destroyed by Charles II by revoking the Bay colony’s charter in 1684

31. 13 Original Colonies

32. English Control • Navigation Laws were passed to control colonial trade with countries not ruled by the crown • Mercantalism was the relationship between the establishment of the colonies and mother England • The colonies exist to supply the mother country with goods that could not be produced at home at the exploitation of the colonies

33. Revolutionary Spirit • Sir Edmond Andros enforced the navigation laws to the extreme in Boston • When the Glorious Revolution occurred in England and news reached the Americas, Andros was arrested after a Boston riot, and sent back to England • In 1691, England asserts more control over the colonists with officials that cared little about American concerns

34. Middle Colonies • The Dutch established New Amsterdam (New York) after Henry Hudson explored the area • William Penn establishes Pennsylvania in 1681 trying to create a society of simple, democratic, devoted, peoples (Quakers) • Swedish settlers associated themselves with Pennsylvania colony in Delaware

35. American Life in the 17th Century

36. Tobacco & Indentured Servants • Primary crop around the Chesapeake region was tobacco • Indians died to quickly around whites • African slaves were to expensive • Indentured servants were introduced; in exchange for passage to the new world, people worked for several years for their masters

37. Glorious Revolution • With the removal of the catholic king, James II, Parliament gave the crown to the Prince William III of Orange and his wife Mary II (daughter of James II) who ratified the English Bill of Rights • Change of foreign policy replaced French alliance with Dutch alliance

38. Bacon’s Rebellion • As prime land became scarce around the Chesapeake area, masters became resistant to grant land to indentured servants • Nathaniel Bacon and others moved further into the interior and were attacked by Indians • Virginia Governor, William Berkeley, refused to fight the Indians, Bacon led attacks against the Indians and English troops • Bacon had acted on the unhappiness of British rule and landowners looked for a less trouble some work force in Africa Bacon Berkeley

40. Colonial Slavery • Most slaves were taken to the plantations in the Caribbean • 1680’s brought more wealth to English people shrinking the pool of indentured servants • By the mid 1680’s, slave trading increased to the America’s fostered by Rhode Islander slave traders • African slaves were mostly captured by coastal African tribes who sold their enemies into slavery

42. Africans in America • “Slave codes” began to legally make slaves property • Southern slaves worked until death so a constant re-supply was needed • Chesapeake slavery was easier and soon workers were to perpetuate by natural reproduction • Slave uprisings erupted in New York in 1712 and South Carolina in 1739

43. Southern Society • Planters ruled the region’s economy and monopolized political power • Pre-Revolutionary war, 70% of the Virginia legislature came from families established prior to 1690 or the famed “first families of Virginia (FFV’s) • Landowners were not the aristocratic English gentlemen, but hard-working, business type, plantation managers • Majority of southerners were small farmers with 1-2 slaves • Beneath them were landless whites and indentured servants with black slaves being at the bottom

45. New England Family Life • New England society grew in an orderly fashion with legal charters and “proprietors” who helped organize towns • NE towns provided elementary educations • Harvard College est. 1636 • Congregational Churches led to democracy in political governments with the town hall meetings • This democratic society limited the “Old World Aristocracy” from maintaining social ranking

46. Half-Way Covenant • As population increased, religious fervor decreased among Puritan congregations • The “jeremaid” became popular, the dooms day sermons • To offset church membership, the Half-Way Covenant modified church attendance allowing all comers to church and not only the “full communion” members • Women became the majority in Puritan congregations

47. Salem • A group of adolescent girls in Salem, Mass. Claimed they were bewitched by older women • A hysterical “witch hunt” began where 20 individuals were legally executed (1692) • Most accused women were from respected commercial families accused by subsistence families reflecting the widening of the social class

48. Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution

49. By 1775 • 2.5 million people in 13 colonies (500,000 slaves) • In 1700, it was 20 English to 1 American (by 1775 it was 3 to 1 with the average American age being 16) • The American colonists were a combination of European outcasts and many anti-British