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NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS

NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS. THE BEGINNING. Cross from Eurasia via Bering Bridge for 25,000 years, although….. 10,000 years ago – became Bering Strait 54 million in Americas by time of Columbus’ arrival Sophisticated Indian civilizations – why?

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NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS

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  1. NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS

  2. THE BEGINNING • Cross from Eurasia via Bering Bridge for 25,000 years, although….. • 10,000 years ago – became Bering Strait • 54 million in Americas by time of Columbus’ arrival • Sophisticated Indian civilizations – why? • Cultivation of maize… turned nomads into settled peoples

  3. MAYAN CIVILIZATION • 500 B.C. • Yucatan Peninsula (Belize, Guatemala…) • System of numbers - concept of zero • Calendar, Astronomy • Temple Pyramids • Mostly wiped out by the Spanish in the 1500s Mayan Ruins of Tulum

  4. INCAS • 11th Century • Peru & South America • Vast empire of > 12 million people; longest empire in the world – Colombia to Chile (1,850 miles); totalitarian • Very advanced engineers: 10,000 mile long road system; suspension bridges • Reincarnation; cranial deformation

  5. AZTECS • 13th Century • Central Mexico • Aggressive; warriors • Daily human sacrifices • Valued gold highly – why? • Advanced architecture that used much gold • Leader, Montezuma - destroyed by Spanish (Cortes) in 1521 • Spanish built Mexico City at that site

  6. AZTEC CITY OF TENOCHTITLAN • Religious center of the city • City’s population was more than 300,000 • 10 sq. miles – larger than London, Rome or Venice

  7. NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURE • No dense populations like Aztecs • Significance for Europeans? • Became agricultural villagers with spread of corn cultivation from Mexico • Reached southwest • Anasazi, first • 1200 B.C. • Irrigation • PUEBLOS

  8. PUEBLOS are the oldest standing buildings in North America – located in the “Four Corners”

  9. PUEBLOS, Mesa Verde, Colorado

  10. Iroquois – NE farmers Greatest American Indian “nation” Hiawatha Iroquois Confederacy Longhouses Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, Seminoles, Chickasaw - SE “Three-Sister Farming” “Civilized Tribes” Democratic; dense populations Plains Indians: Central U.S hunter-gatherers buffalo North American Cultures developed according to geographic regions:

  11. Polytheistic Monotheistic A CLASH OF VALUES NATIVE AMERICANS EUROPEANS • Women’s roles stronger • Male-dominated society • Valued prestige more • than possessions • Materialistic – high value • on $ and possessions • Believed the land • belonged to all • Strong belief in land • ownership • Families defined by • blood lines • Families defined by • marriage lines

  12. First Discovers of North America • Vikings / Norse • 1200 A.D. • Newfoundland • a/k/a “Vinland” • Eric the Red • Leif Ericson • No government support….no permanent settlement

  13. Other discoverers of the New World: • Christian Crusaders…how? • Marco Polo – book stimulated European desires for cheaper route to treasures of the East • Portuguese create caravel & sail along West Africa • Prince Henry the Navigator • Become slave traders • 40,000 slaves to sugar islands in last half of 15th century

  14. SHIFT IN COURSE OF HISTORY: • Fueled by: • Spain becoming modern nation-state • Desire for more and cheaper products from lands beyond Mediterranean • Africa – a source of cheap slave labor for plantations • Portuguese demonstrated feasibility of long-range ocean navigation • Spirit of the Renaissance

  15. ENTER COLUMBUS … • Genoa, Italy • Born in right place, right time • Financed by Spain…rulers? • Devout Catholic, good salesman • What was he promised? • Political Control over islands he discovered • 10% of profits of trade • Title: Admiral of the Ocean Sea • San Salvador, Bahamas, Oct. 1492 • Made 3 more voyages “…Columbus did not ‘seize the times,’ rather he reflected the times and he was not especially learned.” “…Columbus never allowed facts to stand in the way of theories”

  16. Columbus never recognized a new continent; he was convinced he was in India, China, Japan or Ethiopia. Query: is it more important to find some place or to know what one has found?

  17. Columbian Exchange • MAJOR EFFECT of Columbus’ “discovery” • Interdependent global economic system results from Columbus’ voyages • Europe provides markets, capital, technology & New World provides raw materials • Major negative effect of exchange is transfer of diseases • Syphilis to Old World • Smallpox to New World • Entire cultures wiped out by entry of the Spanish

  18. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS • To resolve dispute between Spain & Portugal after Columbus’ return • 1494 Treaty: • Spain gets all of New World but Brazil • Portugal gets Brazil – continues to concentrate on Africa • Line of demarcation halfway between Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) & islands discovered by Columbus on 1st voyage

  19. SPANISHCONQUISTADORES • Their mission? • “God, Gold and Glory!”- to serve God & King & get rich • “Conquistadors first fell on their knees & then on the aborigines.” • Indians saw Spanish as “gods” • Horses & gunpowder quickly overpowered Indians • New race of “mestizos” developed • Mixed Indian & European • Spanish missions established • “Encomienda” system ….Indian slavery

  20. Other Spanish Explorers • Balboa– discovers Pacific, 1513 • Ponce de Leon– Florida (“Feast of Flowers”) • Coronado – AZ & NM, Grand Canyon, buffalo • Hernando de Soto –MS River valley • Pizzaro – destroys Incas • Cortes – destroys Aztecs • HOW?

  21. Ferdinand Magellan – first to circumnavigate the globe By end of the 16th century, Spain ready to colonize.

  22. Spanish Empire Grew Swiftly • Out of need to protect against French, English encroachment • Also to convert more Indian souls to Christianity • Established St. Augustine, 1565 • Oldest European settlement • in U.S. • A move to block French • ambitions in N. America and • protect sea lanes to the Caribbean.

  23. The Spanish in the Southwest • NEW MEXICO • Brutal abuse of Indians • Roman Catholic missions • Missionaries suppressed Indian cultural practices • Pueblo Revolt, 1680 • Pope, leader • Rebels destroyed all Catholic churches in NM, killed hundreds of priests & Spanish settlers; drove out rest • Took more than 50 yrs. for SP to reclaim NM

  24. In TX by 1716 and establishing missions • San Antonio • CA not focused on until 1760s – why not? • Missions from San Diego to north of • San Francisco • Father Junipera Serra • “Mission Indians”

  25. THE BLACK LEGEND • Spanish conquerors tortured and butchered Indians • Stole Gold • Infected Indians with smallpox • Left behind misery • On the other hand…. • Were empire builders • Cultural innovators • Merged their culture with the Indians

  26. The French, English and Dutch are soon on their way to the New World to compete with Spain. • How do their patterns of colonization differ? • Location? • Time period? • Motives? • Religion? • Land ownership?

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