What is Finno-Ugrian in Finnish?

1. What is Finno-Ugrian in Finnish? Sagadi Manor 27.8.2010 Kaisa Häkkinen Professor of Finnish University of Turku

2. The Uralic Language Family (from west to east) Saami (South S., Ume S., Pite S., Lule S., North S., Inari S., (Kemi S.), Skolt S., (Akkala S.), Kildin S., Ter S. Finnic ((Livonian?), Võro-Seto, Estonian, Vote,Finnish, Ingrian, Karelian, Olonetsian, Lude, Veps) Mordvinian (Erzya, Moksha) Mari (Western M., Eastern M.) Permian (Udmurt, Komi incl. Permyak and Yazva K.) Hungarian* Mansi (Northern M., Eastern M., (Western M.), (Southern M.)) Khanty (Northern Kh., Eastern Kh., (Southern Kh.)) Samoyed (Nganasan, Enets incl. Tundra E. and Forest E., Nenets incl. Tundra N. and Forest N., Selkup incl. Northern S., Central S. and Southern S., (Kamas), (Mator).

3. Distribution of the Uralic languages

4. Some central questions of the Uralic prehistory • Where was the oldest centre of expansion of the language family (”homeland”)? • Was there a continuum of several successive protolanguages? • When did the protolanguages break up? • How, exactly, are the Uralic languages related to each other? • How can we know, what is old and what is new?

5. The Uralic ”Urheimat”

6. The traditional tree model Basic idea: shared innovations bear evidence for shared development Criticism: Evidence for the most intermediate proto-langues very scanty (= Proto-Finno-Saami equals to Proto-Uralic) Only some branches (e.g. Balto-Finnic) really well-established Areal/later contacs ignored Convergence (= parallel developments) ignored  The tree can not serve as basis for dating of elements or properties.

7. An alternativemodel(according to Jaakko Häkkinen, SUSA 92/2009) Proto-Uralic (Kama region 2000 BC) • West …gradualexpansion…East  West-UralicProtolanguage Expansioncentre of Pre-Finnic According to Ante Aikio (SUSA 91/2006)

8. Periods of development Pre-Finnic (Uralic, Finno-Ugrian etc.) - Elements and featuressharedbyallor the mostremotemembers of the Uraliclanguagefamily Proto-Finnic • Elements and featuressharedby (Saami and) Balto-Finniclanguages Finnish - Elements and featuresattested in Finnishbutnot in the relatedlanguages.

9. Some tentative stages and datings of cultural development

10. Vocabulary - Inventory of lexical elements - Rules for word formation Grammar Phonology - Phonemes - Phonotactic rules Morphology Morphemes Rules for allomorphs and morphotax Syntax Syntactical patterns Grammatical words Syntactic rules. Major parts and levels of a language system

11. Phonological characteristics • Severaldistinctvowelqualities • Progressive vowelharmony (front/back) • No distinctiveaccent • Consonantclustersnotallowedinitially • Consonantclustersnotallowedfinally • No distinctionsbaseddirectly on voice • Canoniclexicalmorphemes (wordstems) disyllabic

12. Characteristics of morphology • Mophologicalsystemrich of boundmorphemes • Predominance of suffixalmorphology • No grammaticalgender (masculine – feminine) • System of personalpossession • Inflectednegativeverb

13. Pre- Proto-Finnicconsonantsystem ModernFinnish(genuinevocabulary) In ”young” loanwordseven b, f, g

14. Vowelsystem Proto-Finnic Finnish(Karlsson 1983)

15. Progressive vowelharmony Pre-Finnic *taka-na *käte-nä No reconstructedwordslike *käla, *küla NB *ilma, *śilmä Finnish taka-na kätenä back a, o, u neutral e, i front y, ä, ö

16. No distinctiveaccent The main stresswas and still is on the firstsyllable. Kala Anoppi Kalavesi NB. In loanwords Swedishpsykolog > Finnish psykologi Frenchboulevard > Finnish bulevardi

17. Phonotacticprinciples (consonantclusters and wordstems) Canonicalsyllablestructure of wordstems • twosyllables • the basicinflectionalstemends in a vowel • no consonantclustersinitially/finally Typicalstems CVCV, CVCCV VCV, VCCV

18. Case systemPre-FinnicFinnish ending Nom. - Gen. -n Acc. -m Loc. -nA Abl. -tA Lat. -k, -n Pluralmarkers Pre-FinnicFinnish -t, -j -t, -i- ending Nom. - Gen. -n Acc. -n (< *-m) Ess. -nA Partit. -tA, -A (< *δA < *tA) • (NB Agricola ala ’under’ < *ala-k) Translat. -ksi (< derivative s.?) Iness. -ssA (< *s-nA) Elat. -stA (< *s-tA) Illat. -Vn (< *s-(V)-n) Adess. -llA (< *l-nA) Ablat. -ltA (< *l-tA) Allat. -lle (< *l-(V)-n) Abess. -ttA (< derivative s.) Comitat. -ine- (< der. j-nA-k?) Instruct. -n (= gen.)

19. ConjugationsystemPre-FinnicFinnish Voice - Moodmarker Indicative - Imperative -k ”Connective” -ne Tense Present -, -k Past -j, -ś Voice Active Passive (Indefinite) –ttV, -tV Moodmarker Indicative - Imperative - (<*k), -kA, -kO Potential-ne Conditional-isi (< deriv.) Tense Present -, NB ei tule (< *tule-k) Past -i

20. FiniteformsPre-FinnicFinnish mVnmenem tVn menet sVn mene, menepä ’going’ mvkmenemAt tVkmenetAt sVk menet menepät minä menen sinä menet hän menee me menemme te menette he menevät

21. Inflectednegativeverb e-mmene-k e-tmene-k e-jämene-k ?(e-mVk, saami *epä) ?(e-tVk, saami *epätäk) ?( e-pät, saami *ejät) en mene et mene ei mene emme mene ette mene eivät mene (dial., Agr. evät)

22. PossessivesuffixesPre-FinnicFinnish kala-mi ’my fish’ etc. kala-ti kala-sa kala-ma-k kala-ta-k kala-nsa-k kalani kalasi kalansa kalamme kalanne kalansa

23. SomesyntacticprinciplessharedbyPre-Finnic and Finnish Minimal sentence: predicate alone (no grammatical subject) Sataa ’It is raining’ Agreement of predicate in number and person with the subject (Minä menen ja te tulette ’I go and you (PL) come’ Qualifier preceeds the qualified (suuri kala ’a big fish; NB suurena kalana ’as a big fish’ – saami stuorra guollen no agreement).