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Understanding the Circulatory System in Humans

Learn about the organization and structure of the human closed circulation system, including arteries, veins, capillaries, and the role of the heart. Explore the advantages of a closed and double circulation system, as well as the pathway of blood through the body.

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Understanding the Circulatory System in Humans

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  1. Ch 19Transport in Human

  2. You need to know…… The way a closed circulation system is organised Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries Pulmonary & systemic circulation and portal systems Structure of the heart & path of blood path through it Role of muscle and valves in heart and blood vessels Coronary arteries & veins supplying the heart muscle Lymphatic system ABO blood groups Pulse Composition of blood Rhesus Factor Blood pressure

  3. To survive what do cells need? Food and Oxygen • A single celled animal like the amoeba, gets its food and oxygen by allowing materials to move across its cell membrane. • In large animals most cells are not close to the surface of the body so they would not get supplies quick enough. • So how does the food and oxygen get as far down as your Big toe?

  4. Hence they need a transport System Circulatory System • Open Circulatory System Heart pumps blood into vessels that are open ended eg in Insects

  5. Closed Circulatory System Blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels, from which nutrients can diffuse eg in Humans. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the body organs, while veins carry blood from the organs to the heart. Arteries and veins are linked by a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries.

  6. Advantages of a Closed Circulation System 1. Blood can be pumped faster Therefore nutrients can be delivered faster to cells allowing the organism to be more active 2. Blood flow rate to different organs can be changed E.g. blood flow can be increased to the leg mucles when running

  7. Circulatory System

  8. Double Circulation System • Blood is first pumped by the heart to the lungs, where it collects oxygen while simultaneously releasing carbon dioxide. • Then the oxygenated blood is returns to the heart. • The heart pumps this oxygenated blood all around the body.

  9. Double Circulation System / Human Two-Circuit Circulation • Pulmonary Circuit: heart – to lungs – back to heart • Systemic Circuit: heart – to tissues of the body – back to heart

  10. Double Circulation System Systemic Circuit Pulmonary Circuit Pumps to the head, trunk and limbs and back to the heart Pumps to the lungs and back to the heart

  11. Advantages of a Double Circulation System Separation of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood Blood pressure can be kept high by the heart

  12. Portal systems The Hepatic Portal System carries blood from the intestine to the liver A portal system is one that begins and ends in capillaries

  13. Learning check • How does food and oxygen get as far down as your Big toe? • What is the Open Circulatory System? • What is the Closed Circulatory System? • What are 2 advantages of a Closed Circulation System? • What is the Double Circulation System? • What are 2 advantages of a Double Circulation System? • Explain what a portal system is?

  14. Main parts of Human Circulation System 1. Heart Arteries Arterioles 2 Blood Vessels Veins Venules 3. Blood Capillaries

  15. Main Blood Vessels Arteries Carry blood away from the heart Carry blood under high pressure Thick elastic wall Narrow lumen Veins Carry blood under low pressure Carry blood towards the heart Have valves to prevent backflow Thin wall Wide lumen

  16. Blood vessels under the microscope Veins Arteries Thin Wall Thick Wall Wide lumen Narrow lumen Have valves to prevent backflow

  17. Smaller Blood vessels Arterioles Arterioles connect arteries and capillaries Venules Venules connect capillaries to the veins Capillaries Tiny blood vessels linking arterioles and venules The thin wall allows easy exchange of materials with cells

  18. Cross section of blood vessel Collagen Muscle andElastic fibres Endothelium Lumen

  19. Learning check • What are the 3 main parts of Human Circulation System? • Name 5 Blood Vessels. • Give 4 features of Arteries. • Give 5 features of Veins. • Name 3 Smaller Blood vessels. • Give a features of each.

  20. Pathway of blood Around Body

  21. The Heart • Is a strong double pump made of cardiac muscle, surrounded by a special membrane sac - pericardium to prevent friction. • Found between the lungs, slightly to the left side in the thoracic cavity. • The right & left halves are divided by the septum. • Each half consists of 2 chambers: • the atrium • the ventricle

  22. Each half is separated by a valve: • The Tricuspid valve on the right - Prevents backflow into right atrium when the right ventricle contracts. • The Bicuspid Valve on the left - Prevents backflow into left atrium when the left ventricle contracts.

  23. Blood supply to the heart wall • The heart has its own blood supply from the coronary arteries (oxygen & nutrients) which come from the aorta & • the coronary veins (carbon dioxide & wastes)which empty into the vena cava.

  24. Vena Cava Aorta Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Right Atrium Left Ventricle Tricuspid Valve Cardiac muscle Semi Lunar Valves Right ventricle Septum

  25. Blood pathway through heart Aorta Pulmonary artery Vena Cava Pulmonary vein Left atrium Right Atrium Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Left ventricle Right ventricle

  26. Valves Semi Lunar valves Prevent backflow into heart Tricuspid valve Bicuspid Valve Prevents backflow into right atrium Prevents backflow into left atrium

  27. Learning check The heart is a pump made of what muscle? The heart is surrounded by a special membrane? The heart is found in what cavity? The heart is divided by the? Each half consists of 2 chambers called? Each half is separated by valves called? The heart has its own Blood supply, explain?

  28. Heartbeat and its control The heart beat consists of alternate contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle The heart beat is controlled by the pacemaker The pacemaker / SA node is a specialised knot of muscle embedded in the top wall of the right atrium

  29. The pacemaker / SA node The pacemaker / SA node: sends out waves of impulses (electrical signals) which causes the artium to contract (atrial systole) the impulse wave reaches the AV node (specialised knot of muscle embedded in the bottom wall of the right atrium) which coducts the waves of impulses from the artium to the ventricles, Causing them to contract (ventricular systole).

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  31. Heart Song

  32. Pulse A pulse is a wave of vibration that passes down the walls of arteries when the aorta expands following the contraction of the left ventricle. The alternate expansion and contraction of arteries can be felt in the wrist / neck. Average pulse rate is 72 beats per minute

  33. Blood Pressure Blood Pressure is the force of blood pushing against the wall of a blood vessel Blood is forced into arteries under pressure from the left ventricle, the region of highest pressure And eventually comes back to the heart in the right atrium, the region of lowest pressure

  34. Blood Pressure Human blood pressure is taken from the artery in the upper arm. It is measured with an instrument that records the pressure it takes to stop the blood flow through this artery.

  35. Effect of smoking on the circulation system Nicotine increases the heart rate, blood pressure & the amount of cholestrol in the blood.These puts a bigger workload on the heart. Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of O2 carried by the blood. This reduces energy levels. Other chemicals in tobacco, increase the chance of clots.

  36. Effect of Diet on the circulation system High intake of fat causes a build up of cholesterol Cholesterol may block arterioles and lead to stroke or heart attack High salt intake Raises blood pressure which can cause heart attack Clotting of artery

  37. Effect of Exercise on the circulation system Exercise strengthens the heart This improves circulation Exercise increases our ability to transport oxygen This gives increased energy levels

  38. Learning check 1 What causes the blood to be under pressure in the arteries ? 2 Explain the term Pulse 3 What controls the rate of heartbeat 4 Give two harmful effects of cigarette smoke on the circulation system 5 Explain why salt can have a negative effect on the circulation system

  39. Lymphatic System A secondary transport system consisting of one way system of vessels that collects and returns excess tissue fluid to blood system Structure 1. Lymph vessels 2. Lymph Nodes 3. Lymph

  40. Lymph vessels & blood vessels

  41. Lympha t I c System

  42. Lymphatic System Functions 1.Collect tissue fluid and return it to the blood system 2. Fight Infection by (a) Filtering out microorganisms in the lymph nodes (b) Destroying microorganisms by antibody production (c) Mature and store lymphocytes 3. Transport digested fat away from intestine

  43. Learning check 1 Name the three main parts of the Lymphatic System 2 Name three substances dissolved in plasma 3 Name a blood grouping system other than the ABO System 4 What is the function of white blood cells 5 Give two functions of the Lymphatic System

  44. END

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