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Appendicular Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle. Pectoral Girdle. Attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton Consist of two bones: clavicle and scapula The joints are freely movable in many directions. Clavicle. Also known as the collarbone

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Appendicular Skeleton

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  1. Appendicular Skeleton

  2. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

  3. Pectoral Girdle • Attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton • Consist of two bones: clavicle and scapula • The joints are freely movable in many directions

  4. Clavicle • Also known as the collarbone • Long, slender S-shaped bone that is horizontally above the first rib • Transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk

  5. Scapula • Also known as the shoulder blade • Large, flat triangular bone situated in the posterior part of the thorax

  6. A sharp ridge, the spine, runs diagonally across the back portion of the scapula body • The lateral end of the spine is the acromion, where the scapula articulates with the clavicle

  7. The glenoid cavity is a depression inferior to the acromion. It articulates with the humerus head to form the shoulder joint. • The coracoid process is where muscles attach.

  8. Upper Limb

  9. Upper Limb • Consists of 30 bones (all paired up) • Humerus in the arm • Ulna and radius in the forearm • 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges in the hand

  10. Humerus • Longest and largest bone of the upper limb • Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and both the ulna and radius at the elbow

  11. Ulna • Located on the medial side of the forearm (pinky side) • Longer than the radius

  12. Radius • Located on the lateral side of the forearm (thumb side)

  13. Humerus Bone Surface Markings • Proximal end consists of a head that articulates with the scapula’s glenoid cavity and an anatomical neck where the epiphyseal plate used to be

  14. The body contains the deltoid tuberosity, a roughened V-shaped area where the deltoid muscle attaches

  15. At the distal end, the capitulum articulates with the head of the radius. • The radial fossa is a depression that receives the head of the radius when the forearm is bent.

  16. The trochlea is a spool-shaped surface that articulates with the ulna. • The coronoid fossa receives part of the ulna when the forearm is bent. • The olecranon fossa is a depression on the back of the bone that receives the ulna when the forearm is straightened.

  17. Ulna Bone Surface Markings • The olecranon forms the prominence of the elbow on the proximal end. • The coronoid process along with the olecranon receives the trochlea of the humerus in the trochlear notch.

  18. The radial notch is a depression for the head of the radius. • A styloid process is at the distal end.

  19. Radius Bone Surface Markings • Disc-shaped head at the proximal end articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and radial notch of the ulna • Radial tuberosity is a raised, roughened area that is where the biceps brachii muscle attaches to the bone

  20. The distal end of the radius articulates with three carpal bones • There’s a styloid process at the distal end (similar to the ulna)

  21. Carpus (Wrist) • 8 carpals • Held together by ligaments with four bones in each row • Named for their shapes • Short bones

  22. The carpals in the top row are the: • Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform • The carpals in the bottom row are the: • Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate

  23. Metacarpus (Palm) • 5 metacarpals • Each consists of a proximal base, an intermediate body, and a distal head • Numbered I-V starting with the thumb • Long bones

  24. Phalanges (Fingers) • 14 in each hand • Thumb has two (proximal and distal) • In each of the other four digits, there are three (proximal, middle, and distal)

  25. Disorders of the Upper Limb

  26. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Narrowing of the carpal tunnel causes compression of the median nerve • The nerve compression causes pain, numbness, tingling, and hand muscle weakness

  27. Rotator Cuff Injury • Tears or inflammation of ligaments and tendons of the shoulder near the humerus • Results in pain and loss of shoulder mobility

  28. Fractures

  29. Checkpoint Questions • Which bones make up a pectoral girdle? What is the function of the pectoral girdle? • With which part of the scapula does the humerus articulate? • What part of the ulna is called the “elbow”? • What part of which bones are commonly called the “knuckles”? • What bones form the upper limb, from proximal to distal?

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