Recent Trends in Criminology and Teaching Innovations

1. Jung, A. (2009, S. 114), in: DER SPIEGEL, Geschichte 2/2009.

2. Institut für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft – IWG, Bonn 2008

3. Social Justice in the OECD - Bertelsmann Stiftung (2011) - Scale from 1 to 10; 29 Indicators 8,73 Island 8,31 Norwegen 6,41 Ungarn 8,20 Dänemark 6,41 Irland 8,18 Schweden 6,29 Italien 8,06 Finnland 6,17 Polen 7,72 Niederlande 6,14 Australien 7,44 Schweiz 6,00 Japan 7,27 Luxemburg 5,97 Portugal 7,26 Kanada 5,96 Slowakei 7,25 Frankreich 5,89 Südkorea 7,17 Tschechien 5,83 Spanien 7,14 Neuseeland 5,70 USA 7,13 Österreich 5,37 Griechenland 7,03 Deutschland 5,20 Chile 6,79 Großbritannien 4,75 Mexiko 6,73 Belgien 4,19 Türkei 6,67 OECD

4. New Trends of Criminology and Teaching Innovations Andrews – Bonta (2011). Why does punishment has no or small effects: • Punishment must be at maximum intensity • Punishment must be immediate (time trial) • Must be consistently applied (dark number) • Opportunities to escape or access alternative rewaqrds must be blocked (juven. Heros)

5. New Trends of Criminology and Teaching Innovations • Side-Effects of Imprisonment/punishment of parents on their children, see Rakt, Murray, Nieuwbeerta (2012, JResCrimeDelinqu, 81-108). In Germany 100.000 children under 18 have parents in prison. (http://www.bag-s.de/aktuelles/aktuelles0/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=10&cHash=ca14b747722bae09c99356eb4c8511e3) • Imprisonment is Exclusion but we want an Inclusion of offenders. Exclusion is only rational if anything happens for inclusion! • Costs of Punishment • On June 25, 2012, the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that state laws that mandatorily sentence juveniles convicted of homicide to life in prison without parole are unconstitutional. The ruling could affect nearly 2,500 juveniles currently incarcerated in adult prisons. • Alternatives to „traditional“ Punishment – community service, • Criminal prognoses (the research was without criminologists; why forensic psychiatry/psychology and not criminology? Research was done by psychiatrists/psychologists)

6. New Trends of Criminology and Teaching Innovations • In GB and USA there is a tradition in education of criminologists • Karstedt says criminology is in GB a very vivid science, is interesting for students, only in Keel they have 4 Profs, 3 of them are social scientists. • Nearly all universities in GB have courses in criminology • An big range of research and discussion • 1959 the institute in Cambridge, the oldest, was established. • Study programs for practitioners: more influence on people in positions • More cooperation and influence on politics • Research results regularly have only few or no influence on politics, politicians do crime policy in blind flying. Should criminologist more inform the public by media? • Media and crime and presenting results from criminological research, competence of criminologists to present the results also in the media. Not only produce golden eggs but also cackle.

7. New Trends of Criminology and Teaching Innovations • Criminology is an empirical subject • So you need experts trained in empirical social research and methodology • If we want to be seen as experts we have to do good research • Longitudinal research • Development of networks on empirical research • But: „Crime research is sensitive in many States because it has the potential to contradict or undercut politically-based policies and positions, and this is equally true at the international level, making many delegations reluctant to support research mandates and resources in the Commission“ (C.D.Ram (2012,p.126): Meeting the Challenge of Crime in the Global Village, HEUNI).

8. New Trends of Criminology and Teaching Innovations • In Germany we have only few international publications in English. We need international exchange • Increasing influence of evaluation, more and more done by private institutions • Cost-effectiveness: Good research saves money • Regional distribution of crime is an increasing subject in GB

9. Subjects of teaching • Topics, like: • - There should be an independent subject of criminology in education and research with separate qualifications • - Education should be correlated with empirical research • - international cooperation • - Methodology (qualitative and quantitative methods) • - what is deviance, crime, how do we measure it, problem of darknumber (90 % and more)… • - theories of criminality (sociological, psychological, juristic, economic, socialist/communist, neuroscience…) Background of crime (social/economic conditions, culture/tradition, subculture …), regional distribution of crime (Chicago) • - special groups or forms of crime/offenders young people, mental health, drugs, immigrants, women, racism (movie about Mohammed) • Organized crime: Doping, fraud of medicines, crimes in homes for elderly people. • - Crime in the life course - desistance

10. Subjects of Teaching • - criminal justice (which role plays criminal justice), • - policing. A Dutch survey from Tolsma, Blaauw and Grotenhuis (2012) showed that police can influence reporting behavior of the public: more reporting if more different ways to report, behavior of policemen (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-011-9138-4/fulltext.html) • - prosecutors and their decision making • - Decisions and decision making in the courts • - Reactions on crime – crime prevention (legal background, imprisonment and alternatives, community penalties, restitution, victim-offender-cooperation …) • - effects of punishment/Imprisonment - evaluation

11. Subjects of Teaching • - negative effects of Imprisonment on families, side effects (prisonization effects) • - Prison: violence in prisons (case in Tbilisi Sept. 2012) • - rehabilitation/prevention (what works – what doesn‘t, what‘s promising: Sherman et a. (1998): Community, Family, school, labour markets, places, Policing, criminal justice. • - Problems of reintegration (stigmatization, unemployment …), attitudes of the public and the background • The role of volunteers in reintegration after imprisonment beside probation officers • Political – media – background of crime, „governing through crime“, crime and politics

12. Subjects of Teaching • Research on desistance, criminality in life course, elderly people and crime (victims and offenders) • Alternative sanctions, community crime prevention • Special discussed groups of offenders, like juveniles, females, foreigners/migrants, economic offenders, drug user/dealer, sex offender, white collar. • „New“ crimes, like Cybercrime, political crimes (corruption), the report Internet Crime of the BKA for 2011 informs about 60.000 registered cyber-crime-cases 2011, the damage was 71.000.000 € (dark number is hig). • New forms of supervision, control – the effects? Electronic Monitoring • More and more security as a problem. See: Steinmüller, Gerhold, Beck (Eds.)(2012). Sicherheit 2025. Do we need a new culture of unsecurity. Szenarios: Bancs are offline for some days, Security in cities, Airport and security etc. • More intensity on prognosis. Prognosis are done by Psychologists and Criminologists without criminological knowledge (base rate)

13. Subjects of Teaching • - criminal justice (which role plays criminal justice), • - policing. A Dutch survey from Tolsma, Blaauw and Grotenhuis (2012) showed that police can influence reporting behavior of the public: more reporting if more different ways to report, behavior of policemen (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-011-9138-4/fulltext.html) • - prosecutors and their decision making • - Decisions and decision making in the courts • - Reactions on crime – crime prevention (legal background, imprisonment and alternatives, community penalties, restitution, victim-offender-cooperation …) • - effects of punishment/Imprisonment - evaluation

14. Subjects of Teaching • Education (Master) for practitioners, jurists. Judges and prosecutors should be more informed about criminology • In Germany in Bochum, Greifswald, Tübingen • Freiburg declaration: traditional research topics like street crime, violent crime, sex and drugs, victimology, prognosis and sanctions, research about the crime control system (police, prosecution, courts, prisons), crime policy (evaluation), beside this more research about macro-criminality (economic crime, organized crime, corruption, state-crime), more about social problems and background of crime, risk and security research. • 2010: The Freiburg University established a „Centre for Security and Society“ with interdisciplinary research projects.

15. Thank you very much Helmut Kury helmut.kury@web.de