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Magnetism

This lecture provides an overview of magnetism and magnetic fields, including the concepts of magnetic force, magnets, and the Earth's magnetic field. The lecture covers topics such as the direction of magnetic fields, measurement units for magnetic fields, magnetic fields created by currents, and the magnetic force on electric currents. It also discusses the separation of matter from antimatter using magnetic fields and the use of magnetic fields to measure particle velocity. Additionally, the lecture explores torque, current loops in magnetic fields, force between two currents, and the properties of magnetic materials.

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Magnetism

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  1. Magnetism Physics 114 Lecture VII

  2. Concepts • Magnetic field • Magnetic force Lecture VII

  3. Skills • Determine the direction of magnetic field created by electric current • Determine the direction of magnetic force on electric current • Two right hand rules Lecture VII

  4. Magnets • Magnets have magnetic poles – north and south • Like poles repel • Unlike poles attract • Similarity to electric interaction Lecture VII

  5. Magnetic field • Introduce magnetic field: • Field lines go from north pole to south • Mnemonic rule – birds fly from north to south Lecture VII

  6. Magnetic field of the Earth • Earth has a magnetic field B~5x10-5 T • Compass - a small magnet in a form of an arrow - is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field • South magnetic pole is located close to the north geographic pole, that is why north end of the compass is pole is pointing there (unlike poles attract) Lecture VII

  7. Magnetic field • Magnetic field is labeled by B • It is measured in Tesla and Gauss 1T=10 kG 1T=1N/A m Lecture VII

  8. Magnets • North and south poles do not exist separately!!! • two halves of a broken magnet still have south and north pole each • Different from electric charges – positive and negative charges can exist separately Lecture VII

  9. Magnetic field created by currents • Electric currents – moving electric charges - create magnetic field • Stationary electric charges do not create magnetic field • First right hand rule • Thumb along the current • Wrap your fingers around the wire • fingers show the direction of the magnetic field Lecture VII

  10. Magnetic field created by current • Magnetic field B created by current I at a distance r from the conductoris m0 = 4p 10-7Tm/A- magneticpermeability of free space Lecture VII

  11. Magnetic field of loop current • Magnetic field is in ~ same direction inside a current loop • Several loops create stronger magnetic field - solenoid Lecture VII

  12. Magnetic field of a solenoid • Magnetic field inside solenoid • Is parallel to its axis • Depends on the current I • Depends on the number of loops per unit length n=N/l: B=m0nI • Does not depend on diameter • Does not depend on the total length Lecture VII

  13. Magnetic force on electric currents • Magnetic field exert a magnetic force on electric currents – moving electric charges F=IlBsinq q- angle between B and I F is max when B is perpendicular I and zero when B is parallel to I Lecture VII

  14. Direction of the magnetic force • Second right hand rule: • Fingers along the current • Bend to show the direction of the magnetic field • Thumb shows the direction of the force Lecture VII

  15. Magnetic force on moving charge • Magnetic force F is perpendicular to the velocity v of a particle with charge q F=qvB sin q • Charged particles move in circles in magnetic fields Lecture VII

  16. Magnetic fields are used to separate matter from antimatter And measure particle velocity Bubble chamber picture Lecture VII

  17. Torque Lecture VII

  18. Current loop in magnetic field • A=ab – area of the loop • Magnetic field exerts a torque on a loop parallel to the magnetic field: Lecture VII

  19. Current loop in magnetic field • q – angle between magnetic field and a perpendicular to the loop !!! • Magnetic field orients a loop current perpendicular to B. • N loops: Lecture VII

  20. Force between two currents • Parallel currents attract • Anti-parallel repel l Lecture VII

  21. Ferromagnetism • Electrons inside atoms – little loop currents • When placed inside magnetic field microscopic currents orient to enhance the external field • This effect happens only in some materials – ferromagnetic, e.g. iron. domains Lecture VII

  22. Magnetic materials • Ferromagnetic Km>>1 (~1000) • Iron, cobalt, nickel, some aloys residual magnetism can be destroyed (orientation of the domains randomized) by mechanical shock or high T • Paramagnetic Km>1 just a bit (1+10-4,-5) • No domains, but molecules have magnetic moment • Aluminum, magnesium, oxygen, platinum • Diamagnetic Km<1 a really tiny bit (1-10-5,-6) • Molecules do not have a magnetic moment • Copper, diamond, gold, silicon, nitrogen Lecture VII

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