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HEAD AND NECK -1

HEAD AND NECK -1. DR VINIT K ASHOK ADJUNCT FACULTY . TRIANGLES OF THE NECK. POSTERIOR TRIANGLE BOUNDARIES - ANTERIORLY----STRENOCLEIDOMASTOID - POSTERIORLY---TRAPEZIUS INFERIORLY--- CLAVICLE CONTENTS NERVES- ACCESSORY NERVE, CERVICAL PLEXUS, PHRENIC NERVE, BRACHIAL PLEXUS

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HEAD AND NECK -1

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  1. HEAD AND NECK -1 DR VINIT K ASHOK ADJUNCT FACULTY

  2. TRIANGLES OF THE NECK • POSTERIOR TRIANGLE • BOUNDARIES - ANTERIORLY----STRENOCLEIDOMASTOID - POSTERIORLY---TRAPEZIUS • INFERIORLY--- CLAVICLE • CONTENTS • NERVES- ACCESSORY NERVE, CERVICAL PLEXUS, PHRENIC NERVE, BRACHIAL PLEXUS • ARTERIES-SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY • VEINS-EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN * WOUND TO THE NECK IN THIS REGION CAN LEAD TO PARALYSIS OF THE TRAPEZIUS AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

  3. ANTERIOR TRIANGLE • BOUNDARIES • SUPERIORLY----INFERIOR MARGIN OF THE MANDIBLE • ANTERIORLY----MIDLINE OF THE NECK • POSTERIORLY—STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID • CONTENTS • GLAND---- SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND • MUSCLES----- SUPRAHYOID, INFRAHYOID • VEINS--- UPPER PARTS OF THE JUGULAR VEINS • ARTERIES—UPPER PARTS OF THE CAROTIDS

  4. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT • NOSE • EXTERNAL VISIBLE PART MADE UP OF CARTILAGE AND BONE • PROVIDES AIRWAY FOR RESPIRATION • MOISTENS AND WARMS THE AIR • FILTERS INHALED AIR • RESONATING CHAMBER FOR SPEECH • HOUSES THE RECEPTORS FOR SMELL ( OLFACTION)

  5. NASAL CAVITY • LIES POSTERIOR TO THE NOSE. DIVIDED INTO RT AND LEFT BY NASAL SEPTUM AIR ENTERS THROUGH THE ANTERIOR NARES. LINED BY RESPIRATORY MUCOSA/ OLFACTORY MUCOSA • BOUNDARIES • ROOF- ETHMOID AND SPHENOID BONES • FLOOR – PALATE • ANTERIORLY-ANTERIOR NARES • POSTERIORLY- INTERNAL NARES ( Choanae). OPENS INTO NASOPHARYNX • LATERAL WALLS-NASAL CONCHAE • PALATE—HARD /SOFT ( SEPERATES THE ORAL AND NASAL CAVITIES. PALATINE AND MAXILLARY BONES( HARD) • VESTIBULE-SUPERIOR TO THE NOSTRILS( FLARED) • VIBRISSAE-NOSE HAIRS

  6. RESPIRATORY MUCOSA • PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WITH SCATTERED GOBLET CELLS • GLANDS IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE ( SEROUS / MUCOUS) • SEROUS SECRETIONS ----DIGESTIVE ENZYME( LYSOZYME) • MUCOUS SECRETIONS---STICKY TRAP DUST,BACTERIA, POLLEN, DEBRIS FROM AIR. ALSO MOISTENS THE INHALED AIR • * RHINITIS---INFLAMMATION OF THE NASAL MUCOSA.CAUSED BY BACTERIA, VIRUSESOR ALLERGENS. RESULTS IN INCREASED SECRETIONS AND CONGESTION

  7. NASAL CONCHAE • PROJECTIONS FROM THE LATERAL NASAL WALLS, MUCOSA COVERED SCROLL LIKE STRUCTURES • 3 IN NUMBER SUPERIOR, MIDDLE( PART OF THE ETHMOID BONE) AND INFERIOR ( SEPARATE BONE) • GROOVE INFERIOR TO THE CONCHA ----MEATUS ( OPENINGS OF MANY STRUCTURES) FUNCTIONS OF THE CONCHAE • CAUSES TURBULANCE OF AIR INHALED • HEATS THE INHALED AIR • MOISTENS THE AIR • HELPS TRAP DUST PARTICLES • RECLAIMS HEAT AND MOISTURE

  8. PARANASAL SINUSES • AIR FILLED CAVITIES IN THE BONES SORRUNDING THE NASAL CAVITY • FRONTAL, ETHMOID, SPHENOID AND MAXILLARY • HAVE SAME RESPIRATORY MUCOSA • FUNCTIONS • WARMS THE AIR • LIGHTENS THE SKULL • GIVES RESONANCE TO THE VOICE • ALL OPEN INTO THE NASAL CAVITY ( MEATUS) • BLOWING THE NOSE DRAINS THEM • MAXILLARY SINUS DOES NOT DRAIN VERY WELL • SINUSITIS

  9. PHARYNX • THROAT • CONNECTS THE NASAL CAVITY AND ORAL CAVITY ABOVE TO THE LARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS BELOW • EXTENDS FROM THE BASE OF THE SKULL TO THE C6 VERTEBRA • MUSCULAR WALLS ( SKELETAL MUSCLE) PRESENT THROUGHOUT THE LENGTH • DIVIDED INTO 3 REGIONS • NASOPHARYNX • OROPHARYNX • LARYNGOPHARYNX

  10. INPORTANT CONTENTS IN THE PHARYNX • NASOPHARYNX--- • ACTS ONLY AS AIR PASSAGE • UVULA PREVENTS THE FOOD FROM COMING BACK INTO THE NASOPHARYNX • ADENOIDS( PHARYNGEAL TONSILS) FOUND IN THE ROOF • TUBAL TONSILS FOUND IN THE LATERAL WALL • OROPHARYNX— • COOMON PASSAGE FOR AIR AND FOOD • FAUCES IS THE ARCH LIKE ENTRANCE TO IT • PALATINE TONSILS FOUND IN THE LATERAL WALL OF THE FAUCES • LINGUAL TONSILS COVERS THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE TONGUE • LARYNGOPHARYNX- • COMMON PASSAGE FOR BOTH FOOD AND AIR • LIES POSTERIOR TO THE LARYNX • CONTINUOUS WITH BOTH THE LARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS • * TONSILS ARE PART TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND PROTESCT AGAINS INFECTION

  11. LARYNX • ALSO CALLED THE VOICE BOX • EXTENDS FROM C-4 TO C-6 VERTEBRA • ATTACHMENTS – SUPERIORLY ---HYOID BONE • INFERIORLY ----CONTINOUS WITH THE TRACHEA • FUNCTIONS - VOICE PRODUCTION • - AIR PASSAGE • - ROUTES FOOD / AIR TO PROPER PATH • FRAMEWORK - NINE CARTILAGES • - MEMBRANES • - LIGAMENTS • CARTILAGES EPIGLOTTIS • THYROID CARTILAGE UNPAIRED • CRICOID CARTILAGE • CORNICULATE • CUNEIFORM PAIRED • ARYTENOID

  12. LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES • THYROID • LARGE SHIELD SHAPED • 2 CARTILAGE PLATES • ADAMS APPLE( LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE) • EPIGLOTTIS • LEAF SHAPED • ELASTIC CARTILGE COVERED BY MUCOSA • STALK ATTACHED ANTERIORLY TO THE INTERNAL ASPECT OF THYROID • GAURDIAN OF THE AIRWAYS • CRICOID • LIES INFERIOR TO THE THYROID CARTILAGE • SIGNETRING SHAPED • PERCHED ON TOP OF THE TRACHEA

  13. VOCAL CORDS • PRESENT IN THE LARYNX • VOCAL FOLDS( TRUE VOCAL CORDS) ARE AVASCULAR AND APPEAR PEARLY WHITE • AIR EXHALED FROM THE LUNGS CAUSES THEM TO VIBRATE PRODUCING THE BASIC SOUNDS OF SPEECH

  14. THYROID GLAND • LARGEST PURE ENDOCRINE GLAND • LOCATED IN THE NECK ON THE TRACHEA INFERIOR TO THE LARYNX • PRODUCES HORMONES ---THYROXINE, TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND CALCITONIN • MOVES UP WITH SWALLOWING • BLOOD SUPPLY BY THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR THYROID ARTERIES

  15. HYOID BONE • LIES INFERIOR TO THE MANDIBLE • BODY AND 2 PAIRS OF HORNS • DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH ANY OTHER BONE • ATTACHED SUPERIORLY TO THE SKULL BY LIGAMENTS AND ALSO TO THE LARYNX INFERIORLY BY LIGAMENTS • ACTS AS A MOVABLE BASE FOR THE TONGUE

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