Inequality

1. Inequality By: Angelique Sarah Grace Micaela Adrian

2. Inequality is defined as: • 1.the condition of being unequal; lack of equality; disparity: inequality of size. • 2.social disparity:inequality between the rich and the poor. • 3.disparity or relative inadequacy in natural endowments: a startling inequality of intellect, talents, and physical stamina. • 4.injustice; partiality. • 5.unevenness, as of surface.

3. Forms of Inequality • Social inequality refers to relational processes in society that have the effect of limiting or harming a group’s social status, social class, and social circle. Areas of social inequality include access to voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, the extent of property rights and access to education, health care, quality housing, traveling, transportation, and other social goods and services. Apart from that it can also be seen in the quality of family and neighborhood life, occupation, job satisfaction, and access to credit. If these economic inequalities harden, they can lead to social inequality.

4. Gender inequality 10In Saudi Arabia, women aren’t allowed to drive, or even ride bikes, and men aren’t allowed to drive women they’re not closely related to.  9In 2001 a militant group called Lashkar-e-Jabar demanded that Muslim women in Kashmir wear burqas, head to toe garments that cover their clothes, or risk being attacked. 8 In many countries, while husbands can divorce their spouses easily (often instantaneously through oral repudiation), wives’ access to divorce is often extremely limited, and they frequently confront near insurmountable legal and financial obstacles. 7In many areas of Afghanistan, girls are often taken out of school when they hit puberty. 6Husbands in Egypt and Bahrain can file an official complaint at the airport to forbid their wives from leaving the country for any reason.  5Women’s unequal legal rights increase their vulnerability to violence. In many countries in the region, no specific laws or provisions exist to penalize domestic violence, even though domestic violence is a widespread problem. Domestic violence is generally considered to be a private matter outside the state’s jurisdiction. 4In Bahrain, where family law is not codified, judges have complete power to deny women custody of their children for the most arbitrary reasons.

5. Gender Inequality Cont’d 3 Most countries in the region-with the exception of Iran, Tunisia, Israel, and to a limited extent Egypt-have permitted only fathers to pass citizenship on to their children. Women married to non-nationals are denied this fundamental right. 2 Many countries criminalize adult, consensual sex outside of marriage. In Morocco, women are much more likely to be charged with having violated penal code prohibitions on sexual relations outside of marriage than men. Unmarried pregnant women are particularly at risk of prosecution. 1 China’s one child policy has heightened the disdain for female infants; abortion, neglect, abandonment, and infanticide have been known to occur to female infants. The result of such family planning has been the disparate ratio of 114 males for every 100 females among babies from birth through children four years of age. Normally, 105 males are naturally born for every 100 females.

6. Racial Inequality • In social science, racial inequality is typically analyzed as "imbalances in the distribution of power, economic resources, and opportunities." Racial inequalities have manifested in American society in ways ranging from racial disparities in wealth, poverty rates, housing patterns, educational opportunities, unemployment rates, and incarceration rates. Some claim that current racial inequalities in the U.S. have their roots in over 300 years of cultural, economic, physical, legal, and political discrimination based on race.

7. Racial Inequality Cont’d 10. Black students accounted for 18 percent of the country’s pre-K enrollment, but made up 48 percent of preschoolers with multiple out-of-school suspensions. 9. Black students were expelled at three times the rate of white students. 8 .American Indian and Native-Alaskan students represented less than 1 percent of students, but 3 percent of expulsions. 7. Black girls were suspended at higher rates than all other girls and most boys. 6. American Indian and Native-Alaskan girls were suspended at higher rates than white boys or girls. 5. Nearly one in four boys of color, excepting Latino and Asian American students, with disabilities received an out-of-school suspension. 4. One in five girls of color with disabilities received an out-of-school suspension. 3. A quarter of the schools with the highest percentage of black and Latino students did not offer Algebra II. 2. A third of these schools did not offer chemistry. 1. Less than half of American Indian and Native-Alaskan high school students had access to the full range of math and science courses, which consists of Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II, calculus, biology, chemistry and physics.

8. Income Inequality • Income inequalityin the United Stateshas grown significantly since the early 1970s, after several decades of stability, and has been the subject of study of many scholars and institutions. The U.S. consistently exhibits higher rates of income inequality than most developed nations. Income inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) is not uniform among the states: after-tax income inequality in 2009 was greatest in Texas and lowest in Maine.

9. QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7.