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Phonetics

This text provides an introduction to phonetics, exploring the production and structure of speech sounds. It covers articulatory and acoustic phonetics, as well as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for transcription.

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Phonetics

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  1. Phonetics LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin

  2. Introduction: SpokenLanguage • Language can be spoken, written, manually signed, mechanically reproduced and synthesized by computer • Spoken language is the main way humans express themselves • Humans spoke before they wrote • Reason why linguists start with the study of spoken rather than written language

  3. Made to Speak

  4. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 2. Made to Speak • Lungs: to supply air for speech • Trachea /treɪkiə/: wide pipe • Vocal cords: to produce vibrations for speech sounds. Also known as “vocal folds” (found within the larynx/lærɪŋks/) • Tongue: to articulate vowels and consonants • Teeth: to provide place of articulation • Lips: to articulate vowels and consonants • Nose: to provide nasal resonance during speech

  5. Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p. 14-15 Specialization for Language

  6. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 18. Sound-ProducingSystem: Features • Segments are produced by coordinating a number of individual articulatory gestures including: • Jaw movement • Lip shape • Tongue placement

  7. Sound-producing System • Sound is produced when air is set in motion • Sets of filters modify the sound in various ways • Pharynx /færɪŋks/ (tube between larynx and oral cavity) • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity

  8. Sound-producing system • Lungs • Vocal cords (or vocal folds) • Larynx (vocal folds are within larynx) (the velum is the soft area Towards the rear of the roof of the mouth)

  9. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 23. The Tongue • Primary articulation organ • It can be: • Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back • Five areas of the tongue: • Tip, blade, body, back and root

  10. Introduction to Phonetics Definition - Phones & segments - IPA

  11. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 53. Thinking Phonetically • Exercise (p. 53) • Find four words that show four alternative spellings of the sound [f] • Find six words that have the letter ‘a’ pronounced differently. • Find four words in which different groups of letters represent only one sound. • Find two words in which two different sounds are pronounced but not spelled out.

  12. Phonetics • Definition: • The study of the inventoryand structureof the sounds of speech. • Analyzes the productionof all human speech sounds, • Regardless of language.

  13. Approaches to Phonetics • Articulatory phonetics • Studies the physiological mechanisms of speech production • Acoustic phonetics • Measuring and analyzing the physical properties of the sound waves we produce when we speak

  14. BEFORE WE GET STARTED • Read: The OnederfulWerldovWords CHALLENGE: • Findwords (end/parts of words) that are written the same but thatsounddifferent. • Findwords (end/parts of words) that are writtendifferently but soundalike.

  15. Phones • Definition: • Speech sounds • Infinite or finite possibilities of sounds? • Finite • The possibilities of sounds is limited by the vocal tract • According to one estimate: 600 consonants and 200 vowels

  16. Units of representation • Break up the flow of speech into individual sounds • Segments (individual phones or speech sounds) • Syllables • Cat • Class • Book • Extra • Nota: • Some writing systems are phonetic and syllabic

  17. International Phonetic Alphabet • The IPA is a system of transcription • Represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol • « One sound, one symbol » • Important: Enclosed in square brackets [ ]

  18. Explore the IPA • Go through pronunciation of different sounds: • http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/consonants.html (cons.) • http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/vowels.html (vowels) • Nota bene: Sometimes two phonemes need to be used to represent a vowel. • IPA Chart

  19. IPA - Transcription • Broad transcription • Uses a relatively simple set of symbols to represent contrasting segments but does not show all phonetic detail • Narrow transcription • Show phonetic detail using an elaborate set of symbols • Here are fonts that you will need to see the IPA symbols:

  20. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 635. IPA - Diacritics • « Marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way » • Example: a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness. • See your IPA chart • http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/diacritics.html

  21. For help with phonetics Linking sounds to symbols: IPA Help, SIL International http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/index.html http://www.sil.org/computing/speechtools/ipahelp.htm http://www.cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/ http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/# Identifying articulatory features: Interactive Sagittal Section, Daniel Hall, University of Toronto http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy * a bit confusing Practice transcribing:

  22. Contemporary Linguistic: p. 38-40 Canadian, American & British Dictionaries • When checking your transcription, be careful: • Remember that you are transcribing something that you have actually heard … so sometimes you just might be right! • Always check if this is an American or British dictionary. • Even if it is American, it doesn’t mean that the transcription is the same as what would be typically used in Canada. • Boat: • http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/boat • http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/boat

  23. The OnederfulWerldov Words • Beware if heard, a dreadful word. That looks like beard and sounds like bird. • Watch out for meat and great and threat. They rhyme with suite and straight and debt. • /hɜrd/ /mit/ /swit/ • /wɜrd/ /greɪt/ /streɪt/ • /bɪərd/ /θrɛt/ /dɛt/ • /bɜrd/

  24. Glottal States

  25. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 20. Sound-producing system Glottal States

  26. Sound-producing system Glottal States • Glottis: Space between the vocal folds • Vocal folds may be positioned in a number of ways to produce different glottal states

  27. Glottal States: Voicelessness • When the vocal folds are pulled apart. • The air passes directly through the glottis. • Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiceless. • Put your fingertips to your larynx. • Fish • Sing • House

  28. Glottal States: Voicing • When the vocal folds are brought together, but not tightly closed. • Air passes through and causes them to vibrate. • Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiced. • Put your fingertips to your larynx. • Zip • Vow • Or any vowel

  29. Glottal States: Whisper • Whispering is voiceless. • No vibration of the cords. • The vocal cords are almost completely closed (though slightly apart at the back).

  30. Glottal States: Murmur • Known as a breathy voice • Murmuring is voiced • Vibration of the vocal cords • Vocal folds are relaxed to allow air to escape to produce a breathy effect.

  31. Voiced or Voiceless? • [p] • [B] • [b] • [t] • [H] • [d] • [k] • [g] • [f] • [h] • [v] • [s] • [z] • [i] Look up these sounds on your chart, then try to produce them. Then note whether they are voided or voiceless.

  32. IPA: Voicedand Voiceless • [p] & [b] • [t] & [d] • [k] & [g] • [f] & [v] • [s] & [z] • Etc. • http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#

  33. Exercise 3: Voiced or Voiceless? • Ex: Though • Thought • Form • View • Zoom • Silk • Pan • Boat • /ox/ Voiced (vowel) • /t/ voiceless • /m/ voiced * • /u/ voiced • /m/ voiced • /k/ voiceless • /n/ voiced • /t/ voiceless (Contemporary Linguistic analysis: An Introduction – O’Grady et al., 2009)

  34. Voiced & Voiceless • Contemporary Linguistic analysis: An Introduction – O’Grady et al., 2009 • Table 2.12 (p. 33) (consonants and glides) • 1st of pairs on IPA chart (left) – voiceless • 2nd of pairs on IPA chart (right) - voiced • English Nasals - voiced • Glides - voiced • Usually English liquids (‘r’ & ‘l’) are voiced • *but can also be voiceless • Vowels

  35. Sound Classes Consonants Vowels Glides

  36. Challenge Nota: Fill in the missing information with information given in book.

  37. Challenge Nota: Fill in the missing information with information given in book.

  38. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 21 Sound classes: CONSONANTS • Articulatory difference: • May be voiced or voiceless • May be made with either a complete closure or a narrowing of the vocal tract • The airflow is either blockedmomentarily or restrictedso much that the noise is produced as air flows past the constriction. • Consonants cannot be the nucleus of a syllable • Ex: “cup” • http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html • [b] & [s]

  39. Sound classes: VOWELS • Articulatory difference: • Vowels are produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract and are usuallyvoiced • Acoustic Difference: • Vowels are more sonorous(acoustically powerful) • Perceived as louder and longer lasting • Ex: “happy” • Vowels can be the nucleus of a syllable. • http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html • /u/

  40. Sound classes: GLIDES • Shows properties of both consonants and vowels • May be thought of a rapidly articulated vowel (auditory impression they produce) • Produced with an articulation like that of a vowel • Glides can never be the nucleus of a syllable • Aka. Semi-consonants, semi-vowels

  41. Place of Articulation

  42. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 23. Articulation Organs : Tongue • Primary articulation organ • It can be: • Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back • Five areas of the tongue: • Tip, blade, body, back and root

  43. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 24 Consonants: Place of Articulation • Also called points of articulation • Each point at which air stream can be modified to produce a different sound is called a place of articulation • Places of articulation are found at the lips, within the oral cavity, in the pharynx/færɪŋks/ and at the glottis /glɒtɪs/.

  44. Consonants: Place of Articulation

  45. Consonants: Place of Articulation http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

  46. Let’s Start Filling out our Chart

  47. Place of articulation: Bilabial • /baɪleɪbiəl/ • Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the lips is said to be labial. • Bilabial: sounds involving both lips • Example: [p], [b] & [m] http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

  48. Place of articulation: Labiodental • /leɪbioʊdɛntl/ • Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the lips is said to be labial. Labiodental • sounds involving the lower lip and the upper teeth • Example: [f] & [v] http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

  49. Place of articulation: Dental and Interdental • /dɛntl/ • Dental: Sounds produced with the tongue placed against or near the teeth • [t], [d], [s] & [z] (in European French) • Example: European French (temps, dire, sept, zizi) • Interdental: Produced with the tongue between the teeth • [θ] & [ð] • Example: The words thing & this

  50. Place of articulation: Alveolar • /ælviələr/ • Sounds produced when the tongue touches or is brought near to the alveolar ridge • Example: [t], [d], [n], [ɹ], [r], [ɾ] [s], [z] & [l] Spanish “r” = [r] • http://www.uiowa.edu:80/~acadtech/phonetics/spanish/frameset.html (Vibrante)

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