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Cellular Respiration Review

Cellular Respiration Review. Occurs in all eukaryotes Generates ATP Involves oxidation – reduction reactions Oxidation = loss of electron / H atom; Reduction = gain of electron / H atom;. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP. Glycolosis. Takes place in cytoplasm

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Cellular Respiration Review

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  1. Cellular Respiration Review • Occurs in all eukaryotes • Generates ATP • Involves oxidation – reduction reactions • Oxidation = loss of electron / H atom; Reduction = gain of electron / H atom; C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + ATP

  2. Glycolosis • Takes place in cytoplasm • Starts with glucose • NET YIELD: 2 NADH (goes to ETC) and 2 ATP

  3. The Prepatory Step & the Krebs Cycle • Takes place in mitochondrial matrix • Uses Coenzyme A to prepare pyruvate • Completes breakdown of glucose to CO2 • Each molecule of pyruvate processed generates • 4 NADH • 1 FADH2 • 1 ATP

  4. Electron Transfer Chain • ETC: Occurs across inner mitochondrial membrane • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 move down ETC • O2 is the final oxygen acceptor • Generates a H+ gradient

  5. Electron Transfer Chain • H+ gradient powers ATP Synthase enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP (Chemiosmosis) ADP + P  ATP • ETC Yield = 32-34 ATP molecules

  6. So far… 36-ish ATP 2 from glycolysis 32 from ETC / OxPhos 2 from TCA (2 rounds) 0 FADH2 0 NADH Glucose Used up during ETC Used up during ETC 6 CO2 6 H2O From C6H12O2 From O2 (final e- acceptor)

  7. What if there’s no Oxygen? • O2 can’t act as final electron acceptor • ETC can’t happen • Can still get 2 ATP from and 2 NADH glycolysis (doesn’t require O2)

  8. What if there’s no Oxygen? PRESENCE OF O2 • NADH goes to ETC • ABSENCE OF O2 • ETC can’t function • NADH must be oxidized back to NAD+

  9. Anaerobic Respiration • Respiration in the absence of oxygen • Oxidizes NADH to replenish NAD+ • Lactic Acid Fermentation • Alcohol Fermentation

  10. Anaerobic Respiration LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION • Occurs in muscle cells • Oxidizes NADH to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid)

  11. Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation

  12. Anaerobic Respiration AlCOHOLIC FERMENTATION • Occurs in yeast • Oxidizes NADH to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

  13. Why we like fermentation Often used by bacteria to make tasty foods • Used for thousands of years • A method of preserving food

  14. Other Organic Molecules as Fuel for Cellular Respiration • Carbohydrates: Enter at beginning of glycolysis • Examples: Starch, Glycogen

  15. Other Organic Molecules as Fuel for Cellular Respiration Fats: Glycerol enters glycolysis Fatty Acids  broken into 2-C pieces and sent to Citric Acid Cycle 1 g fat yields 2x ATP as 1g starch

  16. Other Organic Molecules as Fuel for Cellular Respiration Proteins: broken into amino acids  Can enter respiration at many points

  17. Biosynthesis of Molecules • We need to build up molecules as well as break them down • ATP provides the energy f/ biosynthetic reactions • Some are reverse of break-down pathways, some are not

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