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Japanese Contributions in Modern Astronomy - Conditions for the develpoment of astronomy -

Japanese Contributions in Modern Astronomy - Conditions for the develpoment of astronomy -. Kiyotaka TANIKAWA National Astronomical Observatory Japan. Contents. １． Introduction ２． Hypotheses ３． Japan as an example ４． Discussions. １ . Introduction. Some statistics : Number of papers

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Japanese Contributions in Modern Astronomy - Conditions for the develpoment of astronomy -

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  1. Japanese Contributions in Modern Astronomy- Conditions for the develpoment of astronomy - Kiyotaka TANIKAWA National Astronomical Observatory Japan

  2. Contents １．Introduction ２．Hypotheses ３．Japan as an example ４．Discussions

  3. １. Introduction Some statistics : Number of papers --------------------------------------------------------------------- # of Papers # of Papers of # in # of society in ApJ Japanese authors PASJ Members in ApJ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1972 582 9 38+12 403 2002 1707 201 108+19 1445 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  4. １. Introduction(continued) • Modern astronomy started in 1877 when the astronomy department was established in the University of Tokyo, • the first modern university in Japan. • 2) After 130 years, Japan contributes nearly 10 % of the • modern astronomy. • Questions: • Why have Japan attained the present position so quickly? • Why are Europe and North America still good in astronomy • compared with other districts? • 初　　

  5. ２．Hypotheses Conditions for the development of Astronomy (science) in a country (1) The amount of budget　　　　　　　Ｂ (monetary resources) (2) Background population　　　　　　 Ｐ (human resources) (3) The number of Posts in astronom y S Number of PapersN

  6. ３. Japan as an example １．Budget ２．Population increase ３．Number of Posts ４．Number of Society Members

  7. ３.１　Budget for Science • (Yen,円) • 3.659 x 1011 • 1975 8.398 • 1980 13.401 • 1985 18.326 • 1990 22.970 • （Data taken from MEXT） • We should take into account • general tendency of inflation

  8. 3. 2 Population increase Modern Education E: Elemetary school H: High school U: University or College

  9. ３.３　Number of Posts 1950’s 　　＜ 100 2000around 500

  10. 3. 4 Number of Society Members(M.Kondo,2007)

  11. ３.５ Fitting α＝β＝γ＝１and 1972 as the starting year. In 2002, B＝３ Highschool to University 15%(1972) and 55 %(2002) P＝3 S= 4 B*P*S=36 We have N = 1/6 B*P*S (= 6.6)

  12. 4. Discussions 1. How to estimate background population? Social ranks, Taboos, restrictions, literacy. In Japan before 1868, Farmers occupied 90 % of the population. Education for most of the people were elementary. In the case of Japan, estimates of three quantities (budget, population, posts) are rather easy.

  13. 4. Discussions (continued) 2. How to do international comparisons? We need to be careful when we estimate the budget and background population because of international flows. Examples: Human resources flow into USA. Human resources flow out from small European countries. Monetary resources flow into UK.

  14. Thank you ! Poor JAPAN in the early 1950s

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