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South Asia

South Asia. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA. WELL DEFINED PHYSIOGRAPHICALLY THE WORLD’S SECOND LARGEST POPULATION CLUSTER SIGNIFICANT DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS LOW INCOME ECONOMIES POPULATION CONCENTRATED IN VILLAGES - SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE STRONG CULTURAL REGIONALISM. THE REALM.

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South Asia

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  1. South Asia

  2. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA • WELL DEFINED PHYSIOGRAPHICALLY • THE WORLD’S SECOND LARGEST POPULATION CLUSTER • SIGNIFICANT DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS • LOW INCOME ECONOMIES • POPULATION CONCENTRATED IN VILLAGES - SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • STRONG CULTURAL REGIONALISM

  3. THE REALM Five Regions • India • Pakistan • Bangladesh • Mountainous North • Southern Islands

  4. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY • THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY • STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION, RATES OF GROWTH, AND PATTERNS OF FLOW • POPULATION DENSITY (INDIA) • ARITHMETIC- 904/sq mi • PHYSIOLOGIC- 1,615/sq mi (US=415/sq mi) • KEY MEASURES • RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE • DOUBLING TIME

  5. POPULATION PROFILES INDIA JAPAN AGE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE 70+ 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 20-29 10-19 0-9 30 15 0 15 30 20 10 0 10 20 Percent of Population Percent of Population

  6. POPULATION DENSITY World Average = 117/mi2 36 Pacific 315 Southeast Asia SoutheastAsia EastAsia 341 865 South Asia SouthAsia Subsaharan Africa SubsaharanAfrica 82 52 N. Africa/S.W. Asia N. Africa/S.W. Asia 53 South America SouthAmerica 176 Middle America MiddleAmerica 7.6 Austral 874 Japan Japan 42 NorthAmerica North America Russia Russia 22 265 Europe Europe 0 400 600 800 1000 200 Realm People per square mile

  7. POPULATION DENSITY

  8. POPULATION GROWTH

  9. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

  10. POPULATION DENSITY COMPARISON United States - Bangladesh UNITED STATES 77people/ sqmile BANGLADESH 133,000,000 50,300 2,644people/ sqmile

  11. MONSOONS • To the people of India the monsoons are a source of life. • Seasonal reversal of winds • General onshore movement in summer • General offshore flow in winter • Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime

  12. Monsoons

  13. MONSOON RAINS ESSENTIAL FOR RICE PRODUCTION. HOWEVER…

  14. POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS • Widespread flooding • Property damage • Destruction to agricultural lands • Damage to transportation infrastructure • Homelessness • Disease • Malnutrition • Serious injury • Death

  15. India - Historical • Ancient India (2700 BC-1000 AD) • Medieval India (1000-1756) • Freedom struggle (1757-1947) • Modern India (1947-Present day)

  16. Harappa/Mohenjodaro

  17. India - Historical • Harappa was an Indus Valley urban center. • There are also the well-known accounts in the Rig Veda of northern or Aryan people driving an indigenous Dravidian people into south India. • It is unclear whether the ancient Harappans would have been Aryans or Dravidians. • All these sites flourished between 3000 and 2000 B.C., if not earlier.

  18. CULTURE • A culturally fragmented realm • Religious and linguistic diversity • Religious Patterns • Islam is predominant in Pakistan and Bangladesh. • Hinduism is predominant in India. • Sikhism thrives in northern India. • Buddhism is predominant in Sri Lanka.

  19. CULTURE HEARTH:The Indus River • Where an early culture emerged and developed • Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated tribes and villages to towns and beyond. • Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices brought to India by the Indo-Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC) • Buddhism born of discontent; made the state religion of India in 3rd century BC • Islam sweeps through central India from the 8th -10th centuries AD

  20. LANGUAGES Hindi 320 m Bihari 70 m Marathi 67 m Rajasthani 44 m Gujarati 39 m Oriya 31 m Assamese 23 m Sindhi 17 m Sinhalese 13 m Telugu 71m Tamil 67m Kannada 43m Malayalam 35m

  21. RELIGION

  22. HINDUISM • The world’s oldest religion • Culture hearth of the Indus River • Diffused south and east down the Ganges • Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native religions and customs

  23. HINDUISM • Not just a religion • An intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements • No common creed • No single doctrine • No direct divine revelation • No rigid narrow moral code

  24. REINCARNATION • Every living thing has a soul. • When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature. • Souls are reborn in a newly created life.

  25. ISLAM Monotheistic No idols One sacred book Uniform dogma - 5 pillars Intolerant (of other religions) Eat beef/Sacrifice cows Bury Dead Social Equality (in theory) Theocratic society HINDUISM Polytheistic Many idols Various sacred writings Varying beliefs Absorbed other religions Venerate cows Burn dead (& alive) Caste separation “State” of secondary importance RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS

  26. ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM • Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 B.C.) • Emperor Asoka (3rd Century B.C.)

  27. BUDDHISM • Adherents objected to harsher features of Hinduism • Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge • Elimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animals

  28. EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAY • Right understanding • Right purpose • Right speech • Right conduct • Right means of earning a living • Right effort • Right awareness • Right meditation

  29. FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT • Hinduism - broad and tolerant, accepting many of the teachings of Buddha • Buddhists in India - willing to compromise with the beliefs and customs of Hinduism • Final blow - 8th century - arrival of Islam -- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries -- Burned libraries -- Killed monks • Today - only 1 million Buddhists in India

  30. WHERE ARE THE MUSLIMS ? Millions 168.3 Indonesia 180 India 160 128.8 125 140 Pakistan 104 120 Bangladesh 100 Turkey 62 61.7 80 Iran 57.1 60 Egypt 40 18.2 Saudi Arabia 20 0 # of # of Muslims Muslims

  31. PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION) India WestPakistan EastPakistan

  32. PARTITION • CHALLENGES: • STABILITY • REFUGEES

  33. 1931 MUSLIMS IN INDIA 1991 1951

  34. KASHMIR • INDEPENDENCE & PARTITION • JAMMU & KASHMIR FACED WITH THE CHOICE OF JOINING EITHER HINDU INDIA OR MUSLIM PAKISTAN • KASHMIR – HINDU MAHARAJA BUT MUSLIM POPULATION • 1947 – PAKISTANI TRIBESMEN INVADE • MAHARAJA FLEES TO DELHI AND ACCEDES TO INDIA • INDIAN and PAKISTANI TROOPS MOVE IN • JANUARY 1949 – U.N. CEASE FIRE

  35. Kashmir and Violence • 1998 - Both India and Pakistan test nuclear weapons. • These tests prompt international condemnation and consequently the U.S. imposed sanctions on both countries. • May 1999 - For the first time in thirty years India launched air strikes against Pakistani-backed militants who had infiltrated into the mountains of India-controlled Kashmir. • India claimed these militants were engaging in terrorist operations in India-controlled Kashmir with the aid and support of the Pakistani government. Pakistan claimed, and still claims until this day that these militants are merely “freedom fighters” for the liberation of Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. • October 1999 - General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup in Pakistan, forcing out the elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. • Musharraf suspended the constitution and dismissed the Parliament, ending the hopes of a return to civilian rule for the world’s newest nuclear power. The coup was condemned by all the western powers and by the international community, which called for democratically administered elections. The coup led to further sanctions against Pakistan by the U.S. • May 2000 - General Musharraf agreed to honor a Pakistani Supreme Court ruling that would return Pakistan to democratic rule within three years.

  36. Recent Developments • September 2001 - Just eleven days after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center towers, President George W. Bush ended all sanctions against Pakistan and India. • President Bush said the sanctions were not in US interests. Pakistan agreed to cooperate with the U.S. and root out terrorist cells throughout the region • October 2001 - Thirty-eight people were killed in an attack by Pakistani terrorists on the state assembly building in Srinagar, the capital of Indian-administered Kashmir. • The Jaish-e Mohammad (Army of Mohammad) militant group carried out the attack, in which a Pakistani national drove up to the main entrance and detonated a bomb • December 2001 - Fourteen people were murdered in an unprecedented suicide attack on the Indian parliament in Delhi when five armed intruders stormed the building. • The attackers were assumed to be Pakistani-based separatists groups Lashkar-I-Talyibah and Jaish-I-Mohammed. After the attack, a huge build-up of troops occurred on both the Indian and Pakistani side of the border. On December 25, both the Indians and Pakistani’s moved nuclear missiles closer to their borders

  37. Pakistan • Officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan • Originally West Pakistan + East Pakistan • East Pakistan later broke away as Bangladesh • Original capital was Karachi • Later moved to Islamabad • Another example of a forward capital

  38. Pakistan Ethnic Groups • Notice the geography dominated by Pushtuns? • Relevance to Afghanistan? • Relevance to Taleban?

  39. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(PAKISTAN) • LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) • A POOR COUNTRY THAT SUPPORTS A LARGE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT • ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION BEGAN IN 1990 TO BOOST FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC PRIVATE INVESTMENT.

  40. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(INDIA) • LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) • A MIXTURE OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE FARMING AND MODERN AGRICULTURE • HANDICRAFTS, OLD AND NEW BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY • A MULTITUDE OF SUPPORT SERVICES AND NUCLEAR POWER

  41. GREEN REVOLUTION • THE SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER YIELD, FAST-GROWING VARIETIES OF RICE AND OTHER CEREALS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES • INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM-1960s • FOCUSED ON THE FOOD CRISES • INCREASED PRODUCTION PER UNIT AREA VIA: • MIRACLE CROPS • NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS • INTENSIVE USE OF FERTILIZERS

  42. TARGETED AREAS

  43. INDIA’S GREAT CITIES • MUMBAI(BOMBAY)- • Home to the world’s largest slum—Dharavi • KOLKATA (CALCUTTA)- • 500,000 HOMELESS • FORMER BRITISH COLONIAL CAPITAL- 1772 • ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY PARTITION • DELHI (NEW AND OLD) • BRITISH AND INDIAN SEAT OF GOVERNMENT

  44. Bangladesh • One of the poorest countries • High population density • Prone to natural hazards • Cyclones • Flooding

  45. BANGLADESH • INDEPENDENT SINCE 1971 • FORMERLY EAST PAKISTAN • 85% MUSLIM, 12% HINDU • 133 MILLION PEOPLE • PHYSIOLOGIC DENSITY = 3,622/sq mi • 1.9% ANNUAL GROWTH RATE • PER CAPITA GNP = 350 US DOLLARS • NATURAL HAZARDS - CYCLONES

  46. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(BANGLADESH) • LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) • ONE OF THE WORLD’S POOREST AND LEAST DEVELOPED STATES • ECONOMY IS OVERWHELMINGLY AGRICULTURAL • CULTIVATION OF RICE IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT ACTIVITY IN THE ECONOMY.

  47. SRI LANKA • INDEPENDENT SINCE 1948 • 19.7 MILLION PEOPLE (70% BUDDHISTS) • PLANTATION AGRICULTURE: • TEA, RUBBER, COCONUTS • SOUTH (MAJORITY OF POPULATION) • ARYAN • BUDDHISTS • SPEAK SINHALA (INDO-EUROPEAN) • NORTH (18% OF THE POPULATION) • DRAVIDIAN • HINDU • TAMIL LANGUAGE

  48. SRI LANKA • Sinhalese vs Tamils • Tamils - demanded equal rights in: -- education -- employment -- landownership -- linguistic & politicalrepresentation • Insurgent State • LTTE - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

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