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South Asia

South Asia . Learning Objectives. Explain the linkages and tensions between ethnicity, religion, and contemporary geopolitics Examine the impacts of sustained population growth on South Asia’s economic, social, and natural environments

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South Asia

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  1. South Asia

  2. Learning Objectives Explain the linkages and tensions between ethnicity, religion, and contemporary geopolitics Examine the impacts of sustained population growth on South Asia’s economic, social, and natural environments Compare and contrast economic and social development across the region

  3. Subcontinent Cyclones Monsoon Hindu Nationalism Kashmir Sanskrit Caste System Mughal Empire Dalits Jainism Sikhism Hindi Key Concepts

  4. Setting the Boundaries Second most populous region in the world Distinct landmass separated from the rest of the Eurasian continent: Subcontinent India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives Regional unity: Shared history and culture

  5. India- Population growth , Monsoons, Technology service sector (Out sourcing) Subcontinent Nepal & Bhutan - Himalaya Mts. (convergent ) Isolated, lack of arable land Bangladesh- High Population density, low elevation on river delta, flooding Pakistan- Kashmir conflict with India, Fight against terrorism Maldives - Archipelago, tourism, low islands in fear of global warming Sri Lanka- Religious conflict

  6. The Himalayan Mountains The worlds highest mountains, the majestic snow capped Himalayas, from the northern border of the Indian subcontinent. Mt. Everest, the worlds tallest peak at 29,035feet.

  7. Convergent boundary The Indian boundary is called the convergent boundary because the Indian continent and the Eurasian continent converge into each other. The Himalayas are produced and the boundary is formed. Even now the Himalayas are growing because the continents are still converging.

  8. MONSOONS The monsoons are seasonal winds that bring heavy rain to northern and southwestern part of India. This rainfall is crucial to life on the subcontinent, but it can cause severe hardships for millions of those who live in the lowlands of India and Bangladesh.

  9. The River Ganges (ganga) The 2,510km (1557mi) long river begins at the Gangotri glacier in the central Himalayas which passes though the plains in northern India before draining into the bay of Bengal. The river, held sacred by Hindus is worshipped as the personified form of the goddess Ganga after whom the river is named.

  10. Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

  11. Contemporary Religion • Hinduism • Islam • Sikhism • Buddhism and Jainism • Other religious groups Figure 12.22

  12. Hinduism is one of the oldest known religions in the world

  13. Hinduism is directed towards selfless living, a fundamental belief being that the soul or atman survives death. • All Hindus aspire to develop a positive karma which will influence a better rebirth. God assumes many forms in Hinduism of which Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer are most central.

  14. Hinduism's caste system assigns everyone to a distinct class.

  15. Caste System Figure 12.20 • Complex Hindu social order • Hierarchy • Dalits (untouchables) • Structure being undermined by modern economy and social reform Hindu temple

  16. Buddhism Is an offshoot of Hinduism • Buddhism arose from the inspiration and teachings of Buddha Shakyamuni (624 BC). • It is a complete way of life concerned with the wholesome development of the individual. • Buddhism can be best summarized by the words of Buddha himself: • Learn to do good, Cease to do harm, Control the mind, And benefit others.

  17. The 4 Noble Truths • (i) the world is full of suffering (ii) suffering is caused by desire (iii) suffering can be removed (iv) in order to remove suffering one has to overcome desire.

  18. A monk is someone who devotes his entire life to religious study

  19. Both Hindus & Buddhist believe in reincarnation, the continues cycle of birth, dearth & rebirth

  20. South Asia The Golden Quadrilateral Highway being built in India Figure 12.2 Figure 12.1

  21. The purpose of the highway is to connect four of India’s major cites.

  22. Environmental Issues – Overview • Diverse landscapes • Complex problems Figure 12.1.1 Figure 12.3 Kaziranga National Park

  23. Environmental Issues (cont’d) Natural hazards Deforestation Wildlife extinction and protection Figure 12.5 Figure 12.4 India: logging small trees Bangladesh: Flooding from a cyclone

  24. Logging & agriculture, as well as industrial & urban expansion are causes of deforestation in South Asia

  25. Most people in South Asia live in compact rural villages

  26. Population Explosion in India India currently faces a vicious cycle of population explosion and poverty. India, being a developing country, has had to face several economic and political challenges. According to Geography.com.sg, “India's population hit 1 billion in May 2000, increasing the urgency for the country to moderate its population growth.”

  27. Population and Settlement (cont’d) Demographic indicators

  28. Population and Settlement (cont’d) Figure 12.2.1 • Rapid population growth • Differing approaches to family planning Figure 12.10 West Bengal: village health clinic Bangladesh

  29. Urban Landscapes Mumbai: Hutments built on formerly busy sidewalks with no sanitary facilities Karachi: known for economic power and ethnic violence Figure 12.15 Figure 12.17

  30. Urban Landscapes (cont’d) Figure 12.16 • Problems due to rapid growth • Political and ethnic tensions • Forward capital • Delhi, Kolkata, Dhaka, Karachi, Islamabad, Mumbai Dhaka: vibrant metropolis with both slums and prosperous areas

  31. Mahatma GANDHI(1869 – 1948) Mohandas Gandhi is the first freedom fighter for India to gain independence from the Britishers. Gandhi was the major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. His protests did not use violence to achieve his goals. (nonviolent resistance) He gained independence to India on Aug 14,1947.

  32. Ethnic Conflict – Kashmir Indian soldier in Kashmir Figure 12.34 Figure 12.31

  33. Dispute over Kashmir India and Pakistan have spent millions of dollars to develop nuclear weapons in their continuing dispute over Kashmir. This has left less money to spend on improving the lives of their citizens. India's claim is contested by Pakistan which controls a third of Kashmir.

  34. Ethnic Conflict Civil War in Sri Lanka India-Bangladesh border fence Figure 12.35 Figure 12.33

  35. Social Development Figure 12.41 • Relatively low levels of health and education • Several pronounced discrepancies • Sri Lanka, Kerala • Status of women • Gender ratios Kerala: South Asia’s most highly educated region

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