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Life in the 1860s No indoor electric lights No refrigeration No indoor plumbing

Life in the 1860s No indoor electric lights No refrigeration No indoor plumbing Kerosene or wood to heat Wood stoves to cook with Horse and buggy In 1860, most mail from the East Coast took ten days to reach the Midwest and three weeks to get to the West Coast.

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Life in the 1860s No indoor electric lights No refrigeration No indoor plumbing

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  1. Life in the 1860s No indoor electric lights No refrigeration No indoor plumbing Kerosene or wood to heat Wood stoves to cook with Horse and buggy In 1860, most mail from the East Coast took ten days to reach the Midwest and three weeks to get to the West Coast. A letter from Europe to a person on the frontier could take several months to reach its destination. Life in the 1900s US Gov’t issued 500,000 patents—electricity Refrigerated railroad cars Sewer systems and sanitation Increased productivity made live easier and comfortable. Power stations, electricity for lamps, fans, printing presses, appliances, typewriters, etc. New York to San Francisco-10 days using railroad. 1.5 million telephones in use all over the country Western Union Telegraph was sending thousands of messages daily throughout the country. Changes in Daily Life

  2. FACTORS FOR INDUSTRIAL GROWTH • Natural Resources • Capital (gold, silver and banking) • US Government support • Desire: Creative inventors and industrialists • Transportation System • Labor force (immigrants)

  3. NEW INDUSTRIES • Railroad • Marketing • Sewing Machine • Vacuums • Typewriters • Automobile • Salt • Coal • Agricultural • Oil • Mining • Sugar • Steel • Meatpacking • Beef/Cattle • Construction • Telegraph • Telephone

  4. NEW SOUTH

  5. IMMIGRATION Old = England and Germany New= Southern Europe: Italy, Russia, Poland

  6. Railroad Construction Promontory, Utah

  7. 1st TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD • May 10, 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah • “The Wedding of the Rails” • Central Pacific and Union Pacific

  8. BESSEMER PROCESS • 1856 Henry Bessemer devised a way of converting iron into steel on a large scale. • His invention involved blowing air through molten iron in a converter, or furnace, in order to burn off the excess carbon. • His invention revolutionized the Industrial Age. • New Uses for Steel • Steel used in railroads, barbed wire, farm machines • Changes construction: Brooklyn Bridge; steel-framed skyscrapers

  9. Expansion of Railroads • 1869, 30,000 miles of track • 1900, 200,000 miles of track • Distribution System to the marketplace • Symbol of growth

  10. RAILROAD INDUSTRY • What helped the railroad industry prosper? • Bessemer Process • Westinghouse Air Brakes • Steel Rails • Standard Gauge

  11. KEY INVENTIONS • BETWEEN 1860 TO 1900 • Elevator---1852 • Bessemer Process---1852 • Sewing Machine---1853 • Dynamite---1867 • Typewriter---1868 • Levi Blue Jeans/Basketball---1873 • Telephone---1876 • Phonograph---1878 • Light bulb and cash register---1879 • Zipper---1883 • Gasoline automobile and skyscraper---1885 • New York City---first city to have electricity--1890 • Radio---1895 • Subway---1897 • X-ray---1900 Between 1800 to 1900, US Govt. issued 500,000 patents

  12. With the Bessemer Process and Carnegie steel, Skyscrapers revolutionized the building industry….. • Major city skylines would be dotted with this new type of building as the 1900’s begin.

  13. Thomas Alva Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park”

  14. “Wizard of Menlo Park” Edison Inventions helped to shape modern society • More than 1,000 inventions patented • Light bulb • Phonograph • Incandescent electric lamp • Starter for automobiles that eliminated hand crank • Batteries • Perfected stock ticker • New York City first city to powered by electricity • The motion picture camera and projector • First used “hello” as phone greeting • Helped Alexander G. Bell with the telephone

  15. Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)

  16. The Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright

  17. Model T Automobile Henry Ford

  18. 1790s  276 patents issued. • 1990s  1,119,220 patents issued. • Gave an inventor the right to make and sell an invention.

  19. US GOVERNMENT ASSISTS INDUSTRY MORRILL TARIFF ACT, 1862To protect and encourage American industry, Congress passed this tariff after the South seceded from the Union. NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM, 1863To stimulate the economy and set up a banking system, Congress passed this act which was a significant step towards a unified, national banking system until replaced by the Federal Reserve in 1913. MORRILL ACT, 1862To promote education, Congress provided grants of public lands to the states for support of education. “Land-grant colleges” LAND GRANTS TO RAILROADSUS Govt. donated land to railroad companies to encourage growth of this mode of transportation. US Govt. donated approx. 160 million acres of land…….

  20. Conglomerate A group of unrelated business owned by a single corporation. Still used today by companies that merge. Pool Competing companies that agree to fix prices and divide regions among members so that only one company  operates in each area. Outlawed today. Trust (Monopoly) Companies in related fields agree to combine under the direction of a single board of trustees, which meant that shareholders had no say. Outlawed today. Holding Company A company that buys controlling amounts of stock in related companies, thus becoming the majority shareholder, and holding considerable say over each company's business operations. Outlawed today. BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

  21. TRUSTS AND MONOPOLIES • BIGGER IS BETTER • A trust or monopoly controls an entire industry • make product cheaper • lower prices to customer

  22. Coke fields Coke fields Coke fields Coke fields Coke fields purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie Iron ore deposits Iron ore deposits Iron ore deposits Iron ore deposits purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie Steel mills Steel mills Steel mills purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie Ships Ships purchased by Carnegie purchased by Carnegie Railroads purchased by Carnegie VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION Vertical Integration You control all phases of production from the raw material to the finished product Horizontal IntegrationBuy out your competition until you have control of a single area of industry MONOPOLY

  23. Advantages Vertical Integration • You are always in control of supply of the products you need • In control of labor cost, land/resources • Always in control of the cost • Schedule your production of autos because you are in control of all factors

  24. ROBBER BARONS robber • Extortion: Forced against your will • Rebates: discount or refund on “freight charges” • Drawbacks / Kickbacks:Standard Oil gave certain railroads all its shipping business if it agreed to charge Standard Oil 25% to 50% less than its competitors • Buyouts:Larger corporations forced smaller businesses to sell out • Congresswas “bought out” by the monopolies • Spies:Stealing your competitor's ideas Small businessescomplained “monopolies” eliminated fair competition

  25. 1st LAWS TO REGULATE BIG BUSINESS State representatives voted into office by members of the Grange who in turn represented the interests of farmers and passed state laws regulating railroad prices in 18 states. Granger State Laws Supreme Court decision stating that states had the ability to regulate private property if it affected public interest. Munn v. Illinois(1876) Declared that it was unconstitutional for states to regulate interstate commerce. Showed need for Federal regulation of interstate commerce. Wabash Case(1886)

  26. 1st LAWS TO REGULATE BIG BUSINESS These are the first laws to regulate industry and big business. • Congress passed Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). • U.S. government regulated interstate trade within the country. • End railroad corruption of charging high prices to ship goods and Rockefeller’s illegal deals. • Rebates/kickbacks/drawbacks were illegal. • In 1890, Congress passed a law which made trusts/monopolies illegal or any business that prevented fair competition. Interstate Commerce Act(1887) ShermanAntitrust Act(1890)

  27. “Robber Barons” Business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public. They drained the country of its natural resources. They persuaded public officials to interpret laws in their favor. They ruthlessly drove their competitors to ruin. They paid their workers meager wages and forced them to toil under dangerous and unhealthful conditions. “Captains of Industry” The business leaders served their nation in a positive way. They increased the supply of goods by building factories. They raised productivity and expanded markets. They created jobs that enabled many Americans to buy new goods and raise their standard of living. They also created museums, libraries, and universities, many of which still serve the public today. CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY OR ROBBER BARONS

  28. ANDREW CARNEGIE • Captain of Industry • Monopolized the steel industry • Rags to riches story---came from Scotland very poor. • Used scientific ideas (Bessemer Process) to develop a better way to produce steel and sell a quality a product for an inexpensive price. • Used Vertical Integration

  29. Cartoon Rockefeller JOHN ROCKEFELLER • Captain of Industry • Came from a wealthy family • Bought a substitute during the Civil War. • Formed the first modern corporations in the oil industry Standard Oil • Used Horizontal Integration to gain a monopoly in the oil business.

  30. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT • Formed a steamship company in 1829 • Dominated shipping along the Atlantic • 1849 established steamship that carried people from New York to San Francisco in Gold Rush days • Leading U.S. steamship owner, nicknamed “The Commodore” • Gained control of the Hudson River Railroad

  31. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT • After Civil War Vanderbilt bought most railroad lines from New York to Chicago • 1877, controlled 4,500 miles of railroads • Worth over $100 million • Philanthropist--donated $1 million to Vanderbilt University

  32. PHILANTHROPY The effort of an individual or organization to increase the well-being of humankind, as by charitable aid or donations.

  33. ANDREW CARNEGIE • Philanthropist • Gave millions to colleges and libraries. • It was the sacred duty of the wealthy to give back to society who has given to him. • Stressed education as a means to better one’s self. • Carnegie Hall

  34. Gospel of Wealth GOSPEL OF WEALTH

  35. “On Wealth” • The Anglo-Saxon race is superior. • “Gospel of Wealth” (1889). • Inequality is inevitable and good. • Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.” Andrew Carnegie

  36. JOHN ROCKEFELLER • Philanthropist • Gave millions of his money to hospitals and colleges. • University of Chicago • Spellman College • National Parks • United Nations • Williamsburg • Cancer Research

  37. Rockefeller/Control Govt Rockefeller was so wealthy, he dictated to the U.S. Government to protect big business---- laissez faire

  38. Rockefeller would be hated by many because he had too much control over the oil industry and the government as viewed by the common man-----Some believed he was corrupt because he took away the right to compete---free enterprise

  39. Trusts control govt Big business, monopolies controlled Congress through bribery. This is corruption

  40. “History repeats itself-----The Robber Barons of the Middle Ages and the Robber Barons of Today…..”

  41. Social Darwinism • British economist, Herbert Spencer. • Advocate of laissez-faire. • Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans. • Belief that there was a natural upper class and lower class. • “Survival of the fittest”

  42. Social Darwinism Belief that in the economic world the strongest companies will survive “The growth of a large business is merely a survival of the fittest.” J. Rockefeller

  43. Social Darwinism • Social Darwinists believed that companies struggled for survival in the economic world and the government should not tamper with this natural process. • The fittest business leaders would survive and would improve society. • Belief that hard work and wealth showed God’s approval and those that were poor were lazy and naturally a lower class.

  44. 14th AMENDMENT Rights of Citizens “All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of this country and the state they reside in. No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person with its jurisdiction to the equal protection of the laws.” Industrialists would use the 14th Amendment as a way to defend a corporation from the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

  45. Picture: Workers vs Owner WORKER VS EMPLOYER “The old familiar relations between employer and employee were passing. A few generations before, the boss had known every man in his shop. He called his men by their first names, asked about the family and swapped jokes and stories with them. Today, you have large factories, the personal touch is gone!” Theodore Roosevelt “IMPERSONALIZATION”

  46. INDUSTRALIZATION • Poor working conditions • Unfriendliness/impersonalization • Immigrants taking jobs • Decrease work day • Machines replacing workers • Child labor • Job security

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