AP World History Exam Review

1. AP World History Exam Review Periods 1-2

2. Key Concepts • 1.1: Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions. • 1.2: About 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems. • 1.3: Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished.

3. Peopling the Earth • Paleolithic/Old Stone Age (up to 8000BCE) • Early humans migrated from Africa to Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas • Family-based, hunting/gathering bands • Learned to use tools made of stone & wood • Most of all: they were artists

4. Peopling the Earth, cont’d • Humans began religious practices • Usually animistic (i.e., attributed sacred powers to nature) • They buried their dead with flowers and accouterments needed for an afterlife • Archaeologists have found small idols

5. Peopling the Earth, cont’d • Trade of goods/technology occurred between bands of hunter/gatherers • Groups may have fought over herd, or joined to hunt together. Either way  cultural diffusion

6. Neolithic Revolution (c. 8000BCE) • Agriculture: planting seeds in the ground on purpose • Began in SW Asia (Mesopotamia) • Consequence = people no longer roam, but settle down

7. Neolithic Revolution, cont’d • Major early settlements: • Nile River Valley (Egypt) • Yellow River Valley (East Asia) • Indus River Valley (South Asia) • Mesoamerica • Andes Mountains • NOTE: Agriculture did not happen globally at exactly the same time • E.g., developed in China 2000 years after Mesopotamia • But in World History terms, it is considered a singular phenomenon

8. Interlude

9. Neolithic Revolution, cont’d • Animals domesticated during this period: • Humans tamed wild animals for protection and food: • E.g., Dogs, cats, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, chickens, pigs • Consequence: because of closer contact w/ animals, disease spread increasingly

10. Neolithic Revolution, cont’d • Technological Developments increase food production • Most technology related to efficiency in farming: • Wooden plows, wheels, sickles, woven baskets • Also dug irrigation canals from rivers to water crops • Consequence: more food  population increase • Population increase is an important factor in the development of the first cities • Cities developed because people needed a way to store food • Writing developed because people needed a way to keep accounts of how much food was available

11. Neolithic Revolution, cont’d • Societies developed specialization of labor and social structures • Craftspeople: built storage facilities for food • Warriors: protected food supply from outside attacks • Religious leaders: asked gods to supply good harvests • Scribes: kept records of food supply • Kings: organized systems to keep it all together

12. Early Urban Societies • Cities with permanent building structures developed out of agricultural settlements • Civilization a society that has a city • First cities = in Mesopotamia and Nile Valley (~6000 years ago) • Tall buildings of religious importance (ziggurats in Mesop., pyramids in Egypt) • Royalty built palaces for themselves (“monumental structures”)

13. Early Urban Societies, cont’d • Writing systems: • To keep records of grain supply: • Cunieform in Mesopotamia • Hieroglyphics in Egypt • Now that we’re writing, might as well write down some laws for everyone • Code of Hammurabi (Mesop.)  “eye for an eye”

14. Early Urban Societies, cont’d • Formation of Empires • Over time, cities in close proximity shared religious beliefs and language  began to form early empires • Led by kings who almost always claimed divinity • E.g., Babylonians (Mesop.) and Egyptians

15. Early Urban Societies, cont’d • Early Empires

16. Early Urban Societies, cont’d • Literature produced during this period: • Epic of Gilgamesh (Mesop.) • Explored life/death and questions about human relationships • Rig Veda (Indus Valley) & The Book of the Dead (Nile Valley) • Sought to explain religious themes (e.g., origin of the earth, people, and life after death)

17. Early Urban Societies, cont’d • The importance of pastoralists • Nomads who herded domesticated animals • IMPORTANT: transferred technology, goods, and ideas among settled societies • CULTURAL DIFFUSION!

18. Early Urban Societies, cont’d • Development of religions during this period: • Indus River Valley: Hinduism • Text: Vedas • Beliefs: one overall god-spirit that reveals itself to humanity in many different forms • Southwest Asia: Judaism • Central Asia: Zoroastrianism • Both stand out during this time for being monotheistic

19. Early Urban Societies, cont’d • And, of course, patriarchy

20. Period 2—Classical Era Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600BCE-600CE

21. Faiths Develop • Belief systems continued to develop from earlier eras, others emerged and spread • Southwest Asia: • Judaism spread to eastern Mediterranean region into Central Asia by the Assyrians (600BCE) and the Romans (70 CE)

22. Faiths Develop • Hinduism (South Asia) • Established a spiritual and social caste system that created long-term foundation for its civilizations • Sacred texts: Vedas & Upanishads • No single founder of Hinduism (contra, Christianity, Buddhism • Blend of various religions from inside and outside the region

23. Faiths Develop • Hinduism (South Asia) • Caste system • Through cycles of birth, death, and reincarnation, believers hoped to elevate their souls to the highest level of spirituality (moksha), becoming one with Brahman • Process could take hundreds/thousands of lifetimes • Could move up or down in caste depending on deeds (dharma) • Karma: sign that one’s deeds in a former life were good/bad • Remained the social glue of the region for centuries

24. Faiths Develop • New belief systems: • Out of Hinduism: Buddhism • Began in South Asia (c.500 BCE) • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) • Maintained Hindu belief in reincarnation, but taught that spiritually there was NO caste system • Buddhism beliefs: • Four Noble Truths: Life is suffering, suffering comes from desire, suffering can end by eliminating desire, eliminate desire via the 8-fold path • Eight-Fold Path: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration

25. Faiths Develop • New belief systems: • Out of Judaism: Christianity • Southwest Asia (first century CE) • Founder: Jesus Christ in Roman-controlled Palestine • Preached salvation by faith in himself as Son of God • Teachings recorded in Gospels, further elaborated by the apostle Paul

26. Faiths Develop • New belief systems: • Comparing Christianity and Buddhism: • Similarity: both faiths taught spiritual equality for all believers • Difference: Christ promised eternal life to his followers, the Buddha did not.

27. Faiths Develop • Further comparisons of Buddhism/Christianity • Both gained more followers outside their places of origin • Buddhism: • Spread across Indian Ocean by missionaries/merchants • Mauryan Emperor Ashoka = early supporter of Buddhist missionaries • As Buddhism spread into East and Southeast Asia it because a salvationist religion; Buddha = deliverer of eternal life (known as Mahayana Buddhism, as opposed to more traditional form: Theravada) • Christianity: • Roman gov’t saw it as disloyal to emperor, but by 4thC. Empire embraced it as official faith • Spread through missionaries and merchants • Remains dominant religion in Europe

28. Faiths Develop • New belief systems: • Confucius • 500BCE  China – Warring States period, teachings of Confucius became the bedrock of that society • Text: Analects sets out clear rules for family/political behavior: • Filial piety: utmost respect/obedience to parents & rulers • Patriarchy: superior place of men over women was established by Confucius • Though dynasties rose and fell, Confucian thought remained the binding cultural belief

29. Faiths Develop • New belief systems: • Daoism • Developed in East Asia about the same time as Confucianism • Taught: close connections between humans and nature  balance/harmony in all things, and deep respect for ancestors • Comparison: Confucius sought to order human relations in society; Daoists sought to escape society for nature

30. Empires and City-States • Must-know Empires and City-States in the Classical Era: • Southwest Asia: • Persian Empire (550 BCE—330BCE) • Parthian Empire (250BCE—220CE) • East Asia: • Qin Dynasty (220BCE—206BCE) • Han Dynasty (206BCE—220CE)

31. Empires and City-States • Must-know Empires and City-States in the Classical Era: • South Asia: • Mauryan Empire (321BCE—185BCE) • Gupta Empire (320CE—550CE) • Mediterranean: • Phoenecian City-States and their colonies around the Mediterranean (1000BCE—200BCE) • Greek City-States and their colonies around the Mediterranean (600BCE—330 BCE) • Alexander’s Hellenistic Empires (330BCE—30BCE) • Roman Republic (500BCE—30BCE) • Roman Empire (30BCE—476CE) • Byzantine Empire (476CE—1453CE)

32. Empires and City-States • Must-know Empires and City-States in the Classical Era: • Mesoamerica: • Teotihuacan city-state (100CE—700CE) • Mayan city-states (250CE—900CE) • Andean South America: • Moche Empire (100CE—800CE)

33. Empires and City-States • Persian Empires • Achaemenid – first great Persian empire (modern Iran) • So large that the king used satraps to govern • First highway system  used to move armies rapidly • Became vulnerable by overextension • Conquered in 300BCE by Alexander • But Alexander died, empire divided and weakened, Parthian empire arose in its place

34. Empires and City-States • Chinese Dynasties • Qin/Han  notable for their religious toleration, technological achievements, and gov’t system • Qin Dynasty • Arose after the chaos of the Warring States Period (550BCE—220BCE) • People believed a ruler would arise by the mandate of heaven which would bring order to the chaos  Qin Shihuangdi • Established legalism  clear chain of command and rules of bureaucratic etiquette, incl. severe punishments for breaking the rules • Importance: didn’t last long, but established a strong foundation for dynastic rule in China

35. Empires and City-States • Chinese Dynasties, cont’d • Han Dynasty (206BCE—220CE) • Existed about the same time as Roman Empire, therefore exchanged trade and diplomatic ties along the Silk Roads • Empire was as large as Rome, at least as wealth, superior in technology • Built Great Wall to hinder northern invaders • Important: canal-digging projects that linked northern and southern China

36. Empires and City-States • South Asia • Mauryan Empire (321-185BCE) • Stretched from modern Pakistan to the southern end of modern India

37. Empires and City-States • South Asia • Mauryan Empire (321-185BCE) • Most famous ruler = Ashoka • Converted to Buddhism after years of empire-building through bloody conquest • Huge supporter of Buddhist missionaries • Despite his efforts, Hinduism remained the dominant religion in South Asia

38. Empires and City-States • South Asia • Gupta Empire (320-550CE) • Covered most of northern (modern day) India • Most important: cultural contributions: • Concept of zero • Efficient number system (later known as Arabic numerals) • Chess • Medical advances • NOTE: AP Exam tends to lump Mauryan and Gupta empires together and refer to them as “Classical Indian Empires”

39. Empires and City-States • The Mediterranean • Phoenicians: • Covered modern-day Lebanon • Using great maritime skills, established colonies in Greece, Italy, North Africa, and Spain • Not interested in military conquest; main goal = trade • Specialized in luxury goods: diamonds, cinnamon. • Greatly influenced Greek civilization • Phoenician alphabet and coinage adopted by Greeks

40. Empires and City-States • The Mediterranean • Greek City-States (600BCE—330BCE) • Contributed to modern ideals of democracy—the idea that people could influence gov’t through a peaceful voice was their greatest contribution • Shared common language, but not all city-states were democracies • E.g., Sparta was a totalitarian oligarchy (decision by a few) • Alexander the Great united the city-states for the first time in history, then led them east to conquer the Persians • Alexander’s greatest legacy = Hellenism (i.e., Greek culture) spread to all parts of his territory

41. Empires and City-States • The Mediterranean • Roman Civilization (500BCE—476CE) • Patterned much of its politics and culture on the Greeks: “Rome captured Greece, but Greece captivated Rome.” • Includes both the Republic and the Empire • Death of Julius Caesar and the rise of Augustus marked the turning point between the two • Very dedicated to building • Roads, aqueducts, monuments • Interacted with China via the Silk Road trade • Similar to Han: encouraged migration of citizens to different parts of the empire (in order to spread Roman culture) • Western half of the empire fell in 476CE, but eastern half remained for another millennium (Byzantine Empire)

42. Empires and City-States • Mesoamerica (100—900CE): • Mayans made complex mathematical calculations, studied the stars, developed a writing system • Built tall religious temples like Mesopotamia’s ziggurats • Maintained power through military coercion • Close connection between political & spiritual leaders • Human sacrifice = important aspect of their religion

43. Empires and City-States • Mesoamerica (100—900CE): • Teotihuacan: city-state located north of Maya • Pop: 200,000 (one of the largest of the classical era) • Complex bureaucracy • Mayans traded with them, sometimes waged war