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Forgetting

Forgetting. Why it happens and what to do about it!. The Human Camera. Photographic memory = edict memory…very rare! Information goes from sensory storage to long term memory. Photographic Memory. Attention. Encoding. External events. Sensory memory. Short-term memory. Long-term

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Forgetting

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  1. Forgetting Why it happens and what to do about it!

  2. The Human Camera • Photographic memory = edict memory…very rare! • Information goes from sensory storage to long term memory • Photographic Memory

  3. Attention Encoding External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Encoding Encoding failure leads to forgetting Encoding

  4. Encoding • Forgetting as encoding failure • Which penny is the real thing?

  5. Retrieval • Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory

  6. Forgetting-Interference • Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information • Proactive(forward acting) Interference • disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information • Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference • disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

  7. Forgetting-Interference • Decay • The fading of memories over time, sensory storage and short term are the first to go • Motivated Forgetting • people unknowingly revise history • Repression • defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories • Positive Transfer • sometimes old information facilitates our learning of new information • knowledge of Latin may help us to learn French

  8. Forgetting • Brain Damage • memory loss due to injury, this can be permanent! • Forgetting can occur at any memory stage • As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it… You mind is not a camera of events! • Distortion: Memories change over time… • Leveling: remembering only general events • Sharpening: focus only on a few unusual details • Assimilation: altering events to fit perception, expectation and or stereotypes.

  9. Sensory memory - the senses momentarily register amazing detail Short term memory - a few items are both noticed and encoded Long-term storage - Some items are altered or lost Retrieval from long-term memory - depending on interference, retrieval cues moods and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t Forgetting

  10. Memory Construction • We filter information and fill in missing pieces • Misinformation Effect • incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event • Source Amnesia • attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

  11. Memory Construction • People fill in memory gaps with plausible guesses and assumptions • Imagining events can create false memories • Children's eyewitness recall • Child sexual abuse does occur • Some innocent people suffer false accusations • Some guilty cast doubt on true testimony

  12. Memory Construction • Memories of Abuse • Repressed or Constructed? • Child sexual abuse does occur • Some adults do actually forget such episodes • False Memory Syndrome • condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience • sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists

  13. Memory Construction • Most people can agree on the following: • Forgetting happens • Recovered memories are commonplace • Memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs are unreliable • Memories of things happening before age 3 are unreliable • Memories, whether false or real, are upsetting

  14. What is Amnesia? • Amnesia is a memory condition in which memory is disturbed. In simple terms it is the loss of memory. • The causes of amnesia are functional or organic. • Functional causes are psychological factors. Freud saw repression as a form of amnesia. • Organic causes include damage to the brain, through trauma or disease, or use of certain (generally sedative) drugs.

  15. Major Types of Amnesia: • Infantile amnesia (forgetting of early events) reflects biological as well as cognitive factors • Anterograde Amnesia: Trauma that prevents a person from making new memories. Ex. Damage to hippocampus • Clive video • Retrograde Amnesia: Forgetting the period leading up to a traumatic event. Ex. Car accident, don’t remember anything that day

  16. Improve Your Memory • Study repeatedly to boost recall • Spend more time rehearsing or actively pondering material • Make material personally meaningful • Use mnemonic devices • associate with peg words- something already stored • make up story • chunk-acronyms

  17. Improve Your Memory • Activate retrieval cues- mentally recreate situation and mood • Recall events while they are fresh- write down before interference • Minimize interference • Test your own knowledge • rehearse • determine what you do not yet know

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