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Format

Format. File System and Storage. Formatting. After partitioning with FDISK and reboot Sets up the file system to be used on the partition Sets up the root directory in that file system. Microsoft’s File Systems. FAT12 – Used on floppy disks FAT16 – Used on DOS to Win95a and NT

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Format

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  1. Format File System and Storage

  2. Formatting • After partitioning with FDISK and reboot • Sets up the file system to be used on the partition • Sets up the root directory in that file system

  3. Microsoft’s File Systems • FAT12 – Used on floppy disks • FAT16 – Used on DOS to Win95a and NT • FAT32 – Used on Win95b and newer • NTFS4 – Used on WinNT • NTFS5 – Used on Win 2K, XP, Vista and 7

  4. FAT16 • Data structure called File Allocation Table • 16-bit (4 Hex characters) for sector number for total of 64K storage boxes • Sector data is one of: • 0000 for unused sector • <Number> for next sector of file • FFF7 for bad sector • FFFF for end of file is in this sector

  5. Clusters • If we just use sector (512B) we are limited to 32 MB disk size (64K times 512) • Clusters allow larger disk sizes, but “cost” in potentially wasted space

  6. Storing a File • FAT just stores cluster numbers and the “special” values • Directory entry stores: • File name (8.3) • File size • Starting cluster • Date created and modified *Data area of disk stores the file’s data

  7. Storing the file Bad cluster

  8. Deleting a File • Change first letter to capital sigma • Nothing else is changed • DOS and Windows do not show file(s) that start with sigma • You might be able to get file back

  9. Fragmented File Should be 3AC2

  10. FAT32 • Works the same as FAT16, but double the number of bits so clusters are smaller • Supports up to 2 terabytes • Table location not at front of drive as was the case with FAT16 • Introduced with Windows 95b (OSR2)

  11. FAT32 Cluster Sizes

  12. NTFS • Far more powerful than FAT32 • Might be called NTFS 3.0 or NTFS 5 • Much bigger than FAT32 – 4-5MB for file system – obviously won’t fit on a floppy

  13. NTFS Structure • Enhanced file allocation table called the “Master File Table” (MFT) • Stores a second copy in the middle of the drive • Microsoft has never released the inner workings of NTFS to the public – but others have figured it out.

  14. NTFS Security • Folders and files are objects • “Access Control List” is part of object • Can permit, or deny, operations on object

  15. NTFS Compression • An object (file or folder) can be compressed – don’t need to do this to entire drive as in FAT32 • Try really hard not to do this • Access is slower • Get a bigger (or additional) drive

  16. Encrypting File System • File encryption sounds cute (just check the box) but has serious drawbacks – it is tied to user account and if you loose that password, you are toast • If you must secure an object, use permissions instead • XP Home and Media Center do not support encryption

  17. Disk Quotas • Finally, in NTFS 5. Novell had it much earlier • Allows administrator to set limits on disk usage (your child’s music collection?); for all users

  18. FAT64 or exFAT • Breaks the 4-Gig file size barrier of FAT32 • Still looks and acts like FAT32 – no NTFS permissions, compression • Introduced in Windows 7; Vista with SP1 will also use it; XP with patch (KB 955704)

  19. To Use Format • A:>format - will format the A: drive! • A:>Format D: will format the D: drive; use this form of the command on non-bootable partitions • A:>Format C: /s will format the C: drive AND will copy the system files and adjust the partition table to make the drive bootable

  20. Disk Management • Foreign drive: when you move a dynamic disk from one computer to another • Formatting: when you are formatting a drive • Failed: Disk is damaged or corrupt • Online: Everything is good • Offline: Corrupted or communication problems

  21. Multiple Disks • Span: use parts of disk(s) as one • Striped Volume: RAID 0 part data here, part there • Mirrored Volume: RAID 1 writes duplicate data to drives • Only server allows RAID 5

  22. Hard Disk Drives Maintaining and Troubleshooting

  23. Mechanical System • Platters spinning really fast (5400, 7200 and 10,000 RPM) – much faster than the engine in your auto • Read/Write heads skimming over the drive surface • You and your hard disk will part company • Backup, backup and more backup

  24. Physical Maintenance • There is none • On newer, faster drives you might want to install a HD cooling fan – but it’s noisy

  25. Error Checking • Clusters go bad, just seems to happen with time and usage – you can’t write to a bad cluster • ScanDisk and CHKDSK (check disk) • XP/Vista/7 calls it Error Checking • Performs two functions: • Seeks out bad clusters and marks them • Makes sure file parts are intact – makes “lost chain” files of odd cluster’s contents • File name is FILE000X.CHK

  26. Running Error Check • Michael suggests once a week – I vote for once a month or a longer interval • I have seen, but rare, Error Check “eat” a hard disk drive and put everything into .CHK files

  27. Defrag • Some people swear by Defragmentation • Solves a problem we really don’t have anymore – slow disk access times • Michael suggests once a month – I vote for once a year – Windows tends to agree with me • Again, you run the risk of lost data if the program goes wild • Don’t defrag a Solid State Drive • Windows 7 schedules this every week

  28. Disk Cleanup • Another overused tool • Use it to clear Recycle Bin, temporary files • Right-click hard drive icon, select Properties, its on the General tab • “Finds” space in the MB range

  29. IE 7

  30. Low Disk Space • Tough to do, except on older systems • Watch what you save and why • Off-load music, pictures to CD or DVD • Don’t load every program you happen to find • Keep about a quarter of your hard disk as free space – room for page file

  31. When things start wrong • Installation is: connectivity, CMOS, Partitioning and Formatting • Connectivity means getting the power and data cables on correctly and setting Master/Slave correctly for PATA drives • SATA drives just connect – no jumpers • CMOS: systems figure this out automatically

  32. And then things went wrong • Run Error Correction and hope for the best • Norton Disk Utilities would be the next step to take • I have had some success with a program from Stellar Phoenix (my “can opener”) • Send the drive to DriveSavers in San Jose • Go directly to Fry’s and get a new drive • SpinRite is still in the game ($89) • Check out Warranty, might be able to replace

  33. Third-Party Tools • PartitionMagic by Symantec (was PowerQuest) – I have older version • Partition Commander from VCOM • GParted – Gnome Partition Editor – needs Linux to run. Looks confusing, but Michael likes it • Also likes the Ultimate Boot CD

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