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MINERAL

MINERAL. Bahan Baku Pakan Ikan:. Pemerintah telah menetapkan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). Formulasi pakan berdasarkan kandungan analisa proximat, Ca, P , ME, Asam amino essential dan juga Digestible asam amino

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MINERAL

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  1. MINERAL

  2. Bahan Baku Pakan Ikan: • Pemerintah telah menetapkan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). • Formulasi pakan berdasarkan kandungan analisa proximat, Ca, P , ME, Asam amino essential dan juga Digestible asam amino • Sumber bahan baku harus bebas B3serta kandungan antibiotik, melamin, dan kandungan bahan lainnya yang beracun dan berbahaya

  3. BAHAN BAKU PAKAN • Sumber Protein • Sumber Lemak • Sumber Karbohidrat • Vitamin dan mineral mix • Binder • Filler • Bahan additif lainnya

  4. FORMULA UMUM PAKAN IKAN Kebutuhan & Keseimbangan Nut. KRITERIA PAKAN : Efisien : Harga per kg ikan Limbah : Feses, N dan P

  5. FISH /SHRIMP FEED COMPOSITION

  6. EVALUASI IMPOR BAHAN BAKU PAKAN IKAN & UDANG TAHUN 2007 BERDASARKAN SKTSource: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKP

  7. Impor Bahan Baku PakanJanuari – September 2008Sources: Direktur Produksi DJPB DKP

  8. Mineral elements have a great diversity of uses within the animal body. The following mineral elements are recognized as essential for body functions in fish: • Calcium • Phosphorus • Sodium • Molybdenum • Chlorine • Magnesium • Iron • selenium • Iodine • Manganese • Copper • Cobalt • Zinc • To these may be added fluorine and chromium which have also been shown to be essential for land animals

  9. The prominence of each mineral element in body tissues is closely related to its functional role : • As constituents of bones and teeth, minerals provide strength and rigidity to skeletal structures • In their ionic states in body fluids they are indispensable for the maintenance of acid-base equilibrium and osmotic relationship with the aquatic environment, and for integration activities involving the nervous and endocrine systems • As components of blood pigments, enzymes and organic compounds in tissues and organs they are indispensable for essential metabolic processes involving gas exchange and energy transactions.

  10. CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS • Calcium and phosphorus are usually discussed together because they occur in the body combined with each other for the most part and because an inadequate supply of either limits the nutritive value of both. • Almost the entire store of calcium (99 percent) and most of the phosphorus (80 percent) in the fish's body are present in bones, teeth and scales. There appears to be little variation in the composition of bone ash even though bone ash will decrease as a result of dietary deficiency in either calcium or phosphorus. This composition consists of calcium and phosphorus in the ratio of approximately 2:1. • The one percent extra-skeletal calcium is widely distributed throughout the organs and tissues. Calcium in body fluids exists in two distinguishable forms, diffusable and non-diffusible. Non-diffusible calcium is bound to protein whereas the diffusible fraction is present largely as phosphate and bicarbonate compounds. It is this diffusible fraction that is of significance in calcium and phosphorus nutrition. Ionized calcium in the extracellular fluids and in the circulatory system participate importantly in muscle activity and osmoregulation.

  11. Large amounts of extra-skeletal phosphorus are present mostly in combinations with proteins, lipids, sugars, nucleic acids and other organic compounds. These phosphocompounds are vital exchange currencies in life processes and are distributed throughout the organs and tissues of the fish. The skin, like the skeleton, also appears to be an important repository for dietary phosphorus in some species • Although their natural diets are rich in calcium, most fish are also capable of extracting dissolved calcium directly from their aquatic environment through the gills. After a 24-hour acclimatization period, channel catfish have been shown to efficiently extract calcium from rearing water containing 5 ppm of the mineral element. On the other hand, gill extraction of phosphorus is negligible and fish rely mainly upon dietary sources for this mineral element. Phosphorus present in plant phytate is poorly absorbed by fish. • Absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus begins in the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Absorbed calcium is rapidly deposited as calcium salts in the skeleton but absorbed phosphorus is distributed to all the major tissues: viscera, skeleton, skin and muscle. Phosphorus absorption is enhanced by increasing water temperature and by the presence of glucose in the diet. Its recovery from tissues also increases with increasing dietary levels of the element. On the other hand, increasing dietary calcium is not accompanied by correspondingly higher retention of the mineral element in the tissues.

  12. Feed ingredients vary widely in their calcium and phosphorus content: • Fish meal, a principal ingredient in fish feeds, is rich in both calcium and phosphorus • On the other hand, feed ingredients of plant origin usually lack calcium and, despite a fairly high content of phosphorus the latter is predominantly in the form of phytin or phytic acid which is not readily available for absorption by fish • Animal sources of calcium and phosphorus are generally better absorbed, although the stomachless carp cannot utilize bone phosphate present in fish meal as well as fish with functional stomachs

  13. Dicalcium phosphate has the highest availability (80 percent) • Phosphorus availability of common feedstuffs varies from 33 percent for grains to 50 percent for fish meal and animal by-products. Soybean meal has an intermediate phosphorus availability of 40 percent.

  14. MAGNESIUM • The bulk of magnesium in fish (60 percent in the carp) is stored in the skeleton • Magnesium constitutes a little over 0.6 percent of the ash content of bones compared with 30 percent calcium and 15 percent phosphorus • The remaining 40 percent of the body's magnesium is distributed throughout the organs and muscle tissues (where it plays vital roles as enzyme co-factors, and as an important structural component of cell membranes) and in extracellular fluids.

  15. Fish are capable of extracting magnesium from the environment, although studies with the common carp showed that, in this species, gill extraction of this element is very limited. • In the common carp, as well as in the rainbow trout, dietary magnesium levels do not affect calcium and phosphorus composition in the whole body or skeleton despite sharp reductions of up to 50 percent of tissue magnesium when this mineral element was lacking in the diet (80 ppm) and retarded growth and behavioral abnormalities observed.

  16. Although natural waters are a good source of dissolved magnesium, fish do not extract this mineral element in sufficient quantities to meet dietary needs. Natural foods, as well as most artificial feed ingredients of both animal and vegetable origin, are adequate sources and deficiency under ordinary rearing conditions has not been observed to date

  17. OTHER ESSENTIAL INORGANIC ELEMENTS • Dietary requirements of fish for most of the trace mineral elements have not been established • Iron deficiency in the red sea bream results in a form of microcytic, hypochromic anaemia similar to iron deficiency anaemia in land animals. Common carp fed a semi-purified diet without supplementary iron grew normally but exhibited sub-clinical symptoms of hypochromic microcytic anaemia • Iodine deficiency produces a goitrous condition in trout • Rainbow trout fed a semi-purified diet deficient in zinc (1 ppm) had increased mortality rate, cataracts in the eyes and erosion of the fins and of the skin. Protein digestibility was also reduced • Manganese has also been shown to be essential for growth and survival of Tilapia mossambica and the rainbow trout.

  18. The roles of trace elements in fish, although not clearly defined, are probably similar to those described for land animals • Fish in their natural habitats are probably adequately provided for to meet the requirements for all the mineral elements. However, the intensive culture of certain fish species in man-made ponds and raceways, together with reliance on artificial feeding, make it necessary to incorporate adequate quantities of mineral nutrients in the feed. For the most part, where exact requirements are not known, levels are arbitrarily based on land animal requirements

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