85th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting Third Presidential History Symposium

1. From Earth’s Heat Budget to Interferometric Analysis: The Legacy of Verner Suomi and Robert Parent 85th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting Third Presidential History Symposium Terri Gregory, Tom Achtor, Tom Haig (ret.), Jean Phillips, Hank Revercomb Space Science and Engineering Center, UW–Madison

2. Pioneers: Robert Parent, Verner Suomi

4. Instruments Heat (Energy) Budget Space Flight Hardware Data Make Useful—Develop Algorithms Analyze Visualize Main Streams

5. Time Frames • The beginning, from about 1959–1972 • From about 1972–1995 • What we’re working on now

6. Instruments, Beginning • Heat budget • Radiation sensors • Flatplate radiometer • Spin-scan camera

7. Instruments • 1959—Radiation Sensors • On Explorer VII satellite • Provided useful new data on the global radiation budget

8. Instruments—Spin-scan Camera • Spin-scan camera on ATS-I • Begun in 1965,launched 1966 • Enabled the first geostationary weather observations

9. Analysis of imagery Algorithm development Numerical model development Satellite Meteorology Begins Data—1969

11. Data—Late 1960s • Color negative format • Disseminated world-wide

12. Data—late 1960sPlanetary Meteorology • Jet Propulsion Laboratory • Mariner images of Venus

13. Data—1971First Analysis Software—WINDCO • Fast, useful, inexpensive, accurate • Atmospheric motion measurements

14. The Middle Years, 1972~1992 • Instrument development • Heat budget • Altimeter • BLIS • GOES VAS • Interferometry • Software (data) developments • McIDAS • Vis5D

15. InstrumentsMiddle Period, Beginning • 1971—Inexpensive radio altimeter for Tropical Wind Energy Conversion and Reference Level Experiment • 1974—Boundary Layer Instrument for GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment

16. 1974—Orbiting Solar Observatory-8 1990—Hubble Space Telescope High Speed Photometer 1993—Diffuse X-ray Spectrometer 1978—Pioneer Venus, Net Flux Radiometer 1989—Galileo Net Flux Radiometer Instruments—Middle PeriodSpace Flight Hardware

17. Instruments—1980Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer Atmospheric Sounder • Sounder in geostationary orbit • Launched on GOES-4 • Measured atmospheric moisture and temperature

18. Instruments,1980s to presentInterferometers • HIS, concept proven in 1985 • AERI • Scanning HIS

19. Instruments—1990sCalibrating NASA Instruments

20. Data—1970s and ForwardSSEC Data Center • 1974, first nongovernmental ground station for geostationary satellite data • 1977, World Weather Experiment (FGGE), archive satellite wind vectors from cloud heights • 1979, became national archive for GOES data • 1990, Active Data Archive in EOS Data and Information System

21. Data, 1980–2000+Scientific Visualization • McIDAS—Man computer Interactive Data Access System • Vis5D—Scientific Visualization in 5 Dimensions

22. Data—1980sMcIDAS • Videointeractive • Data acquisition • Data analysis

23. Data—1980s and 1990sVis5D • Space (three D) • Time • Atmospheric parameter

24. Data—from 1980s Planetary Meteorology • Analysis of Voyager imagesbegan in 1980 • Ground-based and HST imagery analysis began

25. Data—1980sPlanetary Meteorology • Cloud shadows on Neptune

26. Data, 1990s

27. Data—Early 1990sHIS Spectra

28. Now • Data • Instruments • Also • Thriving Polar Studies • Antarctic Meteorological Research Center • Ice Coring and Drilling Service

29. Global Winds, 2000

30. Vision of our Future • Advancing Earth Systems Science, Weather, and Climate with New Observing, Retrieval Science, Computing & Modeling Techniques • Sirice • Data processing for High-latitude Winds from Molniya Orbit • High spectral resolution and many channel imagers are here to stay • AIRS/ CrIS / IASI, GIFTS / ABS, & MODIS/VIRS

31. High Resolution Winds

32. The Future, Continued • Visualization –McIDAS V • Planetary Meteorology and Space Flight Hardware • –Venus mission with Aerostats • Missing Baryon Explorer

33. GIFTS—Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer Global sounding in <10 minutes High-resolution sounding of 6000 x 6000 km in < 30 min

34. Data

35. Instruments

36. I want to thank … • Margaret Mooney, SSEC outreach specialist, formerly with the National Weather Service, for listening and guiding • Tim Schmit, NOAA/NESDIS at SSEC, for explaining technical details • My coauthors who thought this topic was interesting enough to pursue • Staff of the Space Science and Engineering Center and Professor Verner E. Suomi, without whom I wouldn’t have a story

37. References • “The Man computer Interactive Data Access System,” Lazzara et al., BAMS, February 1999 • “SSEC and Satellites,” Gregory, Space Capsule, Spring and Winter 1986, publ. SSEC • “SSEC Highlights,” Gregory et al.,1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, publ. on line • “SSEC Milestones,” Fox and Gregory, unpublished • “Weather in the Solar System,” Limaye, 2002, unpublished