The Age of Jackson: 1814-1860

1. The Age of Jackson: 1814-1860 Honors US History Unit 4

2. Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King”Andrew? OR

3. Jackson’s First Hermitage Residence

4. First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

5. Ol’ Hickory During the Seminole Wars Had become hero to many “common men” Many were drawn to Jackson after his win in the Battle of New Orleans and in the “Indian Wars

6. Jackson's First Run for Office- 1824

7. What Increased Voting Patterns? • White male suffrage increased • Land requirement deleted • Popular campaigning • Parades, rallies, floats, etc… • Political promises • Patronage…AKA the “spoils system” • A return to the two-party system in 1828 • National Republicans • Jacksonian Democrats

8. Changes in Voting Requirements

9. Democratic Republicans  National Republicans Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) Evolution of Parties

10. Voter Turnout: 1824 - 1828

11. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

12. Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay[KY] John Quincy Adams[MA] John C. Calhoun[SC] William H. Crawford[GA]

13. Jackson Campaign Poster in 1824

14. Results of the 1824 Election

15. Jackson won the most popular votes. But he did not receive a majority of the electoral votes. According to the Constitution, if no person wins a majority of electoral votes, then the House of Representatives must choose the president. The selection was made from the top 3 vote getters. No Clear Winner in 1824

16. John Quincy Adams won after the election was thrown into Congress. Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Henry Clay (who became Secretary of State). Charges of a “corrupt bargain” followed Adams through his term. Adams had many plans for the country but they were always defeated by Congress (who was led by Jackson supporters). “A Corrupt Bargain”??

17. Jackson's Second Run for Office- 1828 Jackson's Second Run for Office- 1828

18. Scandals Rock DC and the Election Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree

19. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

20. Jackson’s Opponent in 1828 President John Quincy Adams

21. The New “Jackson Coalition” • The Planter Elite in the South • People on the Frontier • State Politicians • Immigrants in the cities.

22. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” • Intense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. • His heart & soul was with the“plain folk.” • Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

23. The Center of Population in theCountry Moves WEST

24. 1828 Election Results

25. The Reign of “King Mob”

26. After election, Jackson immediately removes 10% of all officeholders and appoints his friends and supporters Known as “The Spoils System” or patronage This system continued until the passage of the Pendleton Act in the 1870’s The Spoils System

27. Andrew Jackson as President

28. Peggy Eaton was the daughter of a tavern keeper and the wife of Jackson's secretary of war. Both Andrew and Rachel Jackson had liked Peggy Eaton, and when her private love affairs became public knowledge, enveloping her in scandal, the President lent her his visible support. It was not enough to save her social standing. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

29. Although she was a cabinet member's wife and entitled to the civility such a position conveyed, the wives of other cabinet officials and much of Washington society -- including Jackson's own hostess -- refused to accept her. Jackson was furious. He demanded that his cabinet members make their wives accept Peggy Eaton. When this proved unsuccessful, he asked for the resignations of all his cabinet members except one. Don’t Mess with Jackson’s Friends

30. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

31. By the beginning of 1820’s the American economy was faced with downward spiral as a result of several events such as the Panic of 1819 and the failure of the Second Bank of the United States The Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were passed in order to promote stimulation of northern states’ economy An Economic Downturn

32. However the southern states could buy manufactured goods cheaper from foreign countries than northern states. Had trading partners in Europe who sold them finished products Europe also bought cotton from the southern states The South called the tariffs the “Abomination Tariffs” and plotted revenge 1828 Tariff Conflict

33. Jackson's Second Term 1832-1836

34. 1832 Election Results Main Issue

35. An 1832 Cartoon: “KingAndrew”

36. In 1832 a new tariff was passed increasing the rates from the Tariff of 1828. Immediately after Jackson signed the bill, Calhoun resigned from his Vice-President post and left for South Carolina 1832 Tariff- More Conflict

37. Sen. Robert Hayne[SC] The Debate over Tariffs Sen. Daniel Webster[MA] VP John C. Calhoun [SC]

38. Led by former Vice President John C. Calhoun, the south nullified the Tariffs The Southern states claimed that sovereign states made up the federal government, and those states have the last word to declare tariffs null and void. The Nullification Proclamation declared that the Tariff Acts… "are unauthorized by the constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State." The Nullification Proclamation

39. Jackson, although an advocate for the common man, knew that such blatant disregard of authority would tear the Union apart if allowed to continue. He would not back down before S. Carolina. On December 10, 1832, President Andrew Jackson issued a proclamation that disputed a states' right to nullify a federal law. The confrontation never took place because Henry Clay intervened with a compromise tariff, which promised to reduce the rates for the next few years http://www.ignitelearning.com/media.shtml Jackson Responds

40. Jackson's Native-American Policy

41. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

42. Indian Removal • A gold rush in Northern Georgia brought in white settlers anxious for land and riches • Centered around Dahlonega • Jackson’s Goal • Removing Native Americans from the Eastern United States • Indian Removal Act • This included Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws

43. The Cherokees go to Court • Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) Marshall Court ruled that the Cherokees were a “domestic dependent nation” • Worcester v. GA (1832) • The Marshall Court ruled that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments • Jackson to Marshall: “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!” • Created a constitutional crisis

44. Bluntly disregarding the Court’s decision Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 and over the winter twelve thousand Cherokees were marched from Georgia to Oklahoma. On the way more than half died from hunger, hypothermia and disease. The Trail of Tears

45. Indian Removal

46. Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

47. Jackson and the National Bank

48. The National Bank maintained US currency and maintained much of the economic wealth of the United States. Jackson felt the Bank was a “privileged institution” that served only the interests of the wealthy and did nothing for the common man… “too much power, too few hands.” The Bank War

49. The Bank served as the repository for Federal funds until 1836, when its charter expired. It thrived from the tax revenue that the federal government regularly deposited President Jackson refused to recharter it after a dispute with the Bank's president, Nicholas Biddle Biddle, desperate to save his bank, called in (demanded payment on) all of his loans and closed the bank to new loans. Nicholas Biddle

50. Jackson vetoed the bank’s charter and asked the Secretary of the Treasury to stop putting government money in the bank. When he refused, Jackson fired him and selected someone who would put money in state Banks AKA…Jackson’s “Pet banks” The Bank War