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Disks and Formatting

Chapter 3. Disks and Formatting. Overview. The need for formatting a disk will be discussed. Overview. The difference between partitioning and formatting a disk will be explained. Overview. The structure of a disk will be described. Overview.

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Disks and Formatting

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  1. Chapter 3 Disks and Formatting Ch 3

  2. Overview The need for formatting a disk will be discussed. Ch 3

  3. Overview The difference between partitioning and formatting a disk will be explained. Ch 3

  4. Overview The structure of a disk will be described. Ch 3

  5. Overview Will learn to format a disk, electronically label it, and then how to change the label. Ch 3

  6. Overview Various file systems will be compared and contrasted. Ch 3

  7. Overview Some of the parameters that can be used with the FORMAT command will be discussed and then used with the FORMAT command. Ch 3

  8. Why Format a Disk? Disks used for: • Permanent storage of data and programs • Distributing data from one computer to another • Making copies Ch 3

  9. Why Format a Disk? Formatting(initializing) the disk: • Process of preparing disk so that it is compatible with an operating system Ch 3

  10. Why Format a Disk? All disks (including hard disks) must be formatted. Ch 3

  11. Partitioning and Formatting Disks Hard disks must be: • Partitioned • Formatted with file system Ch 3

  12. Partitioning and Formatting Disks Partition terms: • Primary partition • Partition table • Volume • Active partition • Extended partition Ch 3

  13. Partitioning and Formatting Disks Dual booting system: • Create partition for each OS • Only one OS active at a time • Each OS formats disks in own way • Precautions in running multiple OS Ch 3

  14. Partitioning and Formatting Disks File system: • Organizational scheme of OS • OS is what makes one computer compatible with another Ch 3

  15. Partitioning and Formatting Disks Windows XP Professional supports four file systems: • NTFS • Three FAT file systems - • FAT12 • FAT16 • FAT32 Ch 3

  16. Partitioning and Formatting Disks Types of disk storage configuration: • Basic disks • Dynamic disks Ch 3

  17. Structure of a Disk Two parts to formatting a disk: • Low-level (physical) formatting • High level (logical) formatting Ch 3

  18. Structure of a Disk Low-level (physical) formatting: • Sequentially numbers tracks and sectors • Identifies each track and sector • Disk is physically prepared to hold data Ch 3

  19. Structure of a Disk High-level (logical) formatting: • Determines how OS uses a disk • Builds structure to keep track of location of files • Done so files can be stored and retrieved. Ch 3

  20. Structure of a Disk Windows XP Professional monitors status of all disk data sectors. Ch 3

  21. Structure of a Disk One or more sectors are combined into logical units called clusters or allocation units. Ch 3

  22. Structure of a Disk Cluster (allocation unit): • Smallest unit that OS can work with Ch 3

  23. Structure of a Disk Cluster overhang: • Wasted space on the disk. Ch 3

  24. Structure of a Disk Master Boot Record & Boot Sector Master boot record (MBR): • First part of hard disk • Locates bootable partition of hard disk and gives control over to it Ch 3

  25. Structure of a DiskMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector Boot sector: • First sector on logical drive • Has table of drive’s characteristics • Has bootstrap loader program Ch 3

  26. Structure of a DiskMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector All disks (including non-system disks) have a boot sector. Ch 3

  27. Structure of a DiskMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector FAT non-system error messages: • Non-system disk or disk error • Replace disk and press any key when ready Ch 3

  28. Structure of a DiskMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector NTFS non-system error messages: • Invalid partition table • Error loading operating system • Missing operating system Ch 3

  29. Structure of a DiskMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector Floppy disk non-system error messages: • NTLDR is missing • Press any key to restart Ch 3

  30. Structure of a DiskMaster Boot Record & Boot Sector Windows uses boot sector to identify the type of disk. Ch 3

  31. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32 FAT’s formatting program creates: • Boot record • File Allocation Table (2 copies) • Root directory Ch 3

  32. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32Fig 3.1 Logical Structure of a Disk p. 100 Ch 3

  33. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32 • FAT is a map of disk’s data clusters. • FAT number indicates status of cluster. • Numbers in FAT link clusters that belong to same file Ch 3

  34. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32Table 3.1 Cluster Size and Disk Size p. 100 Ch 3

  35. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32 FAT essential for: • Managing data • Following trail of clusters that make up a file Ch 3

  36. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32 VFAT maintains backwards compatibility and accommodates long file names. Ch 3

  37. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32 FAT32: • Enhancement of FAT file system • Introduced to overcome limitations of VFAT • Does not apply to floppy drives Ch 3

  38. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32Table 3.2 Comparison of FAT and FAT32 p. 101 Ch 3

  39. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32 FAT32: • Movable Root Directory • Can be located anywhere on hard disk • Can use backup copy of FAT • Internal backup copy of some critical FAT data structures • Entries in Root Directory limited Ch 3

  40. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32 With smaller clusters: • More clusters on partition • FAT larger - store more data • Takes longer to locate/access file Ch 3

  41. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32 With larger clusters: • Table smaller • Takes less time to locate/access file • Increases wasted disk space from cluster overhang Ch 3

  42. Structure of a DiskFAT16, VFAT & FAT32 • FAT32 is best for many small files. • FAT is best for mostly large files. Ch 3

  43. Structure of a DiskThe Root Directory Root Directory: • Table that records information about each file on the disk Ch 3

  44. Structure of a DiskThe Root Directory Changes in root directory table make Windows XP Professional compatible with older Windows and DOS programs. Ch 3

  45. Structure of a Disk FAT and the Root Directory • Root directory tells what is on the disk. • FAT tells where data is on the disk. Ch 3

  46. Structure of a DiskFAT and the Root Directory • Number in FAT points to next cluster that holds data in file. • EOF (end-of-file) marker indicates there is no more data in file. Ch 3

  47. Structure of a DiskFAT and the Root DirectoryFig 3.2 The Root Directory and FAT p. 103 Ch 3

  48. Structure of a DiskData Portion or the Files Area • Largest part of disk is used for storing files. • Space is allocated to files on an as-needed basis. Ch 3

  49. Structure of a DiskData Portion or the Files Area A file is written to a disk in: • Contiguous clusters or • Noncontiguous clusters. Ch 3

  50. Structure of a DiskUnderstanding FAT & Root Directory TableFig 3.3 Storing Files p. 105 Ch 3

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