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Canada & UN Peacekeeping: Absent With or Without Leave?

Explore the Canadian Peacekeeping Tradition from 1957 to present with insights by Dr. Walter Dorn. Understand the evolution of UN Peacekeeping missions, roles, and contributions of Canadian forces. Discover Canada's involvement in promoting global peace and security.

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Canada & UN Peacekeeping: Absent With or Without Leave?

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  1. Canada & UN Peacekeeping: Absent With or Without Leave? Dr. Walter Dorn Canadian Forces College 10 January 2008 UN Photo

  2. “Concern for man himself and his fate should be the chief interest of all technical endeavors. Never forget this in the midst of your diagrams and equations.” - Albert Einstein

  3. Canadian Peacekeeping Tradition 1994 1996 1988 1992 1957 2001 2003 2007 1993 2000 1995

  4. Kitsilano Recreation Centre

  5. Dorn Cdn Fatalities Plaque “We Remember” Gift of CSC 25

  6. Canadian Association of Veterans in UN Peacekeeping (CAVUNP)

  7. Peacekeeping defined • the deployment of international military and civilian personnel • to a conflict area, with the consent of the major parties to the conflict, [acting impartially] in order to: • stop or contain hostilities or • supervise the carrying out of a peace agreement. • Source: modified from UN Website UN

  8. Peace Keeping Peace Building Peace Enforcement Peace Making s c Peace Support Operation (NATO doctrine) Violence Potential Humanitarian Assistance UNHCR UNHCR Increasing Force Source: adapted from PSTC, EO 401.02

  9. Evolution of Peacekeeping: Historical & Functional Four Types/Generations 1 – Observer 2 – Interposition 3 – Multidimensional 4 – Transitional administration Expanding functions

  10. UN OBSERVER MISSIONS BGen. Angle HammarskjÖld & MGen. Burns “The Soldier-Diplomat”

  11. “Internationalization” (UN-NY) Secretariat Security Council General Assembly

  12. INTERPOSITIONAL FORCES - Separate combatants Uses Peacekeeping Forces in pre-formed units (battalions) - Armed for self-defence

  13. “Fathers of peacekeeping” or (more accurately)“Founders of peacekeeping forces” UN UN

  14. The Canadians are Coming! Gardam, The Canadian Peacekeeper (1992) First contingent of Canadian troops to reach Egypt (Abu Suweir airport near Ismailia), 24 Nov 1956

  15. NOBEL PEACE PRIZE 1957 Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Prize acceptance, Oslo, Dec. 11, 1957 “To Canada's Lester Bowles Pearson was given primarily for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations.” - Norwegian Nobel Committee Web site

  16. UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)

  17. Liaison officers ASMARA U N M E E Military observers ADDIS ABABA The Peacekeeping Force UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (2000-) R.Romses

  18. THIRD TYPE/GENERATION: MULTIDIMENSIONALOPERATIONS

  19. CHANGING CONFLICT / CHANGING PEACEKEEPING

  20. MULTIDIMENSIONALPEACEKEEPING Political Military Humanitarian Police Social Reconstruction Judicial Economic

  21. CIMIC

  22. Difficult Missions, 1993-95

  23. Force Commanders BGen Robin Gagnon FC, UNTMIH 1997 Gen Maurice Baril FC, MNF (Eastern Zaire) 1996 None since

  24. Eastern Congo: Robust Peacekeeping (MONUC) Mi-25 Combat Helicopters

  25. Uniformed UN Peacekeepers(Military and Police, 1991–2007)

  26. FOURTH TYPE/GENERATION:TRANSITIONAL ADMINISTRATION

  27. A BIG STEP … • Governing a territory during a transitional period • Goal: turn over power to a peaceful, stable country power governed by a local, democratically-elected leadership • The “comprehensive approach”

  28. UN Photo, 27 Sep. 2002 UN membership East Timor: UNTAET … UNMISET

  29. Canadian Uniformed Personnel in UN PKO(Total Military and Police), 1990-2007

  30. Canadian Military and Police in UN PKOs (2000-2007) Police: 101 Military: 56 (Oct 31, 2007)

  31. “Canada Pulls Out of Peacekeeping”(UNDOF) www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060324/golan_heights_060323/20060324/

  32. Canadian Contributions Currently: • 57 soldiers • 107 civilian police • 250 civilians • 56th rank in UN (Mil+CivPol) • Cold War: 10% vs current 0.01% (factor of 100) Closeout of Op Danaca, UNDOF (Golan Heights, 25 March 2006)

  33. Public Opinion: Canadian soldiers serving as peacekeepers Again thinking about Canada’s military, how many Canadians do you think are currently serving as peacekeepers overseas? Is it…? Navigator-Dominion Institute Poll, taken August 2002, www.navltd.com

  34. Canadians View Canada “Canada is an essential contributor to peacekeeping” Agree: 87% Disagree: 13% “World Sees Canada as Tolerant, Generous Nation” November 12, 2006 (Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research)

  35. Cdn Uniformed Personnel (Percentage of UN, 1990-2007)

  36. Canada's Rank Among UN Contributors(by contribution of uniformed personnel to UN peacekeeping, 1991–2007)

  37. Darfur: Responsibility to Protect Cdn uniformed personnel with UNAMID: 1 police; CF in support of AU: 11 officers www.mosaicinstitute.ca/file/POLLARA_Report_on_Darfur_Crisis_%28May_07%29.pdf

  38. PM Martin Extracts a Promise “I made four demands of Hillier before I agreed to the [Afghanistan] mission. • “I want in but I want out” • “Peacemaking and reconstruction” • Darfur “all the troops I need” • Haiti “if that blows up again” … none constrained by Afghanistan “or I wouldn’t agree to the mission.” • Paul Martin, quoted in Janice Gross Stein and Eugene Lang, Unexpected War, p.191

  39. Explaining the disconnect • Afghanistan • The Military • CDS Hillier • 3BW • Concentration • Value of peacekeeping • NATO • The Critics

  40. The Critics A “Peacekeeping Myth”? • CF “only” peacekeepers • CF doesn’t need arms as peacekeepers • Canada acting with purely “altruistic” motives • Canada automatically participates • UN useless “There is little or no point in committing Canada to UN operations until or that deficiency is rectified, should that ever occur.” - Sean Maloney, Cdn Military Journal, Spring 2007

  41. Granatstein: "Who Killed the Canadian Military?" • “The Pearsonian peacekeeping myth … continues today to hurt the military (peaceful intervention leads to the faulty deduction that there is no need to acquire arms for the military). • “Mike Pearson killed the military.” (2004)

  42. “Cold War by Other Means” (Maloney) The Canadian peacekeeping myth now swung into full operation and the real reasons for Canadian involvement with UN peacekeeping, that is, power projection on behalf of NATO interests, was forgotten or at least deeply submerged in the halls of the Pearson building. There was now a significantly greater willingness to reactivity submit to UN requests for Canadian involvement: Isn't that what Canada just did? We've always done it, haven't we? After all, we invented peacekeeping, didn't we? Helpful Fixer or Hired Gun: Why Canada Goes Overseas. Sean M. Maloney, IRPP conference,"Challenges to Governance:Military Interventions Abroad and Consensus at Home“, Montreal, Nov 2000.

  43. 9/11 Changed Everything “Walter Dorn remains convinced that there is no life after or outside of the United Nations (UN). Holding such a view was once considered a sine qua non of respectability within the Canadian academic community. Given the events of 9/11, even the die-hard Canadian liberal left has moved on to a more reasoned and responsible position regarding Canada’s place in the world. Dorn has not. He is trapped well within the mystique of the blue beret, a mythological throwback to simpler times.” - Prof. James Finan & Major Michael Boire, RMC

  44. Canadian Military Journal • “Great Canadian Peacekeeping Myth” • ideology of “Canadian Exceptionalism”: Canada is different from the US in terms of “moral superiority” (Maloney); Anti-Americanism • Canada motivated to keep the peace primarily by altruism and moral virtue: “false and misleading” (E. Wagner) • “Canadian peacekeeping myth promulgated by observers such as Dorn and Newman is false”

  45. Ignatieff Rejects “peacekeeping paradigm” • In failed and failing states, “there is no peace to keep,” making peacekeeping “so flawed that it must be abandoned altogether.” • Recommends UN Secretariat should “stop running peacekeeping operations” Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada

  46. From the Left • Canada's Peacekeeping MythBy Richard SandersThe belief that Canada is a major force for global peace forms the basis of a powerful myth that is integral to our culture.  This myth shapes the image that we have constructed of ourselves and moulds the way that others see us.  Like all myths, it has very little basis in reality. 

  47. Ways to Improve Peacekeeping(Canada) • Greater awareness of success • Rapid & Proactive • Funding and resources • Intelligence • Developed/Developing world partnership • SHIRBIRG • Technology

  48. TECHNOLOGYTO THE RESCUE?

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