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Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs

Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs. Latin II Grammar Review: Lesson 8b. Use of Adverbs. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs . That dog is running quickly . That very fast dog is a greyhound. The dog race will end very soon. Formation of Adverbs.

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Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs

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  1. Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs Latin II Grammar Review: Lesson 8b

  2. Use of Adverbs • Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. • That dog is running quickly. • That very fast dog is a greyhound. • The dog race will end very soon.

  3. Formation of Adverbs • In English, adverbs are formed from adjectives • Add –lyto adjective • Happy  Happily • Quick  Quickly • Brave  Bravely • Beautiful  Beautifully • Latin adverbs are also formed from adjectives

  4. Formation of Adverbs • 1st/2nd Declension Adjective • Add an “e” to adjective stem • amicus - a, um amice friendly  in a friendly way • gratus – a, um  grate grateful  gratefully • pulcher, -ra, -rum  pulchre beautiful  beautifully

  5. Formation of Adverbs • 3rd Declension Adjective • Add an “iter” to adj. Stem • Fortis, forte  fortiter brave  bravely • Acer, acris, acre  acriter sharp  sharply • Facilis, facile  faciliter easy  easily

  6. Comparison of Adjectives & Adverbs • Adjectives and Adverbs possess 3 degrees: • Positive • Comparative • Superlative

  7. Comparison of Adjectives & Adverbs • Positive = simple description • Comparative = compares a quality between 2 objects • Superlative = one object is compared to 3 or more other objects

  8. Comparison of Adjectives & Adverbs In English…. • Positive = regular adjective • beautiful, happy, fast, brave… • Comparative = adj.+ “-er,” “more…,” or “rather…” • More beautiful, happier, faster, braver… • Superlative = adj. + “-est,” or “most…” or “very…” • Very beautiful, happiest, fastest, bravest…

  9. Comparison of Adjectives • Positive = “regular adjective” • amicus, amica, amicum = friendly • miser, misera, miserum = sad • acer, acris, acre = sharp

  10. Comparison of Adjectives • Comparative = add -ior (m/f) -ius (n) to stem • Decline just as a 3rd declension adjective • Amicior, amicius = friendlier • miserior, miserius = sadder • acrior, acrius = sharper

  11. Comparison of Adjectives • Superlative = add -issimus - a, um (-rimus, -limus)* to stem • Decline like 1st/2nddeclension adjectives • Amicissimus – a, um = friendliest • Miserrimus – a, um = saddest • Acerrismus – a, um = sharpest • Simillimus – a, um = most/very similar • Facillimus – a, um = easiest

  12. Comparison of Adverbs • Follow the same basic rules for adjectives, with one exception…

  13. Comparison of Adverbs • Comparative – use the neuter form • Amicior, amicius • Superlative – follow the same rules as the positive • amicissimus amicissime • miserrimus miserrime • facillimus facillime

  14. Quam with the Comparative • Use the word quam to compare the quality of two objects or actions. • The two objects or actions must have the same form (same case and number; same person, number, tense, voice, and mood).

  15. Quam with the Comparative Fortioremvirum quam illumnon vidi. • Note that virum and illum are being described • Note that both words are accusative singular

  16. Quam with the Comparative • Hic monsestaltior quam ille. • Note that mons and ille are being compared • Note that both words are nominative singular

  17. Quam with the Superlative Adverb • Quam with the superlative is translated “as...as possible” • Quam fortissimepugnabimus. • We will fight as bravely as possible. • Ea quam celerrimeaderit. • She will be here as quickly as possible.

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