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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. FUNCTION. TO CHANGE COMPLEX ORGANIC NUTRIENT MOLECULES INTO SIMPLE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MOLECULES . DIVISIONS. ALIMENTARY TUBE – MOUTH TO ANUS ACCESSORY ORGANS – OUTSIDE OF THE ALIMENTARY TUBE - TEETH, TONGUE, SALIVARY GLANDS, GALL BLADDER, PANCREAS, LIVER

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  2. FUNCTION • TO CHANGE COMPLEX ORGANIC NUTRIENT MOLECULES INTO SIMPLE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MOLECULES

  3. DIVISIONS • ALIMENTARY TUBE – MOUTH TO ANUS • ACCESSORY ORGANS – OUTSIDE OF THE ALIMENTARY TUBE - TEETH, TONGUE, SALIVARY GLANDS, GALL BLADDER, PANCREAS, LIVER -CONTRIBUTES TO THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS BUT IT DOESN’T HAPPEN WITHIN THESE ORGANS

  4. TYPES OF DIGESTION • MECHANICAL – PHYSICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD INTO SMALLER PIECES • CHEMICAL – DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

  5. END PRODUCTS • CARBOHYDRATES – MONOSACCHARIDES EX. GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE • PROTEINS – AMINO ACIDS • FATS – FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL • RELEASE OF VITAMINS, MINERALS, AND WATER

  6. ORAL CAVITY • AKA BUCCAL CAVITY • TEETH ARE FOR MECHANICAL DIGESTION • 2 SETS - DECIDUOUS – 6 MO. TO 2 YR. (20 TEETH) - PERMANENT – START ABOUT 6 YEARS OLD (32 TEETH)

  7. LAYERS OF THE TOOTH • ENAMEL – OUTERMOST LAYER THAT IS RESISTANT TO DECAY, HARD SURFACE • DENTIN – SIMILAR TO BONE, FORMS THE ROOT OF THE TOOTH • PULP CAVITY – INNERMOST LAYER THAT CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVE ENDINGS

  8. TONGUE • TASTE BUDS AKA PAPILLAE ARE ON THE TOP • TASTE IS CN VII AND CN IX • TONGUE MANIPULATES FOOD • SWALLOWING IS INITIALLY AN VOLUNTARY ACTION BUT ONCE IT IS A BOLUS AND PAST THE UVULA, IT IS INVOLUNTARY • CN XII MOVES THE TONGUE

  9. SALIVARY GLANDS • PAROTID GLANDS • SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS • SUBLINGUAL GLANDS • SALIVARY AMYLASE INITIATES CARBOHYDRATE BREAKDOWN IN THE MOUTH

  10. PHARYNX • NASOPHARYNX • OROPHARYNX • LARYNGOPHARYNX • FUNCTION IS SWALLOWING WHERE THE REFLEX IS INITIATED BY THE MEDULLA

  11. ESOPHAGUS • TAKES FOOD FROM THE PHARYNX TO THE STOMACH • PERISTALSIS FOR MOVEMENT OF THE FOOD • LES • GERD • NO ENZYMES • MUCOUS COATED

  12. STRUCTURAL LAYERS OF SYSTEM • 4 LAYERS • MUCOSA – INNER LAYER • SUBMUCOSA – CONTAINS MEISSNER’S PLEXUS THAT REGULATES SECRETIONS • EXTERNAL MUSCULAR LAYER – CONTAINS AUERBACH’S PLEXUS THAT ALLOWS CONTRACTIONS AND PERISTALSIS • SEROSA – OUTERMOST LAYER

  13. HOW LONG ARE YOUR INTESTINES? At least 25 feet in an adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long! • Chewing food takes from 5-30 seconds • Swallowing takes about 10 seconds • Food sloshing in the stomach can last 3-4 hours • It takes 3 hours for food to move through the intestine • Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine can last 18 hours to 2 days! • Americans eat about 700 million pounds of peanut butter. • Americans eat over 2 billion pounds of chocolate a year. • In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about 50 tons!!

  14. STOMACH • LOCATED IN THE LUQ IN FRONT OF SPLEEN • BOTH MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DIGESTION TAKES PLACE • MOST COMMON AREA FOR ULCER • SECRETES HCl THAT INITIATES PROTEIN BREAKDOWN AND KILLS BACTERIA • CHIEF CELLS SECRETE PEPSIN • MUCOUS CELLS SECRETE MUCOUS • CREATES CHYME • CHYME LEAVES STOMACH THROUGH PYLORIC SPHINCTER • pH

  15. GASTRIC ULCERS

  16. SMALL INTESTINE • BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND THE CECUM • ALKALINE • ABOUT 20 FEET LONG 3 PARTS • DUODENUM – 10 INCHES LONG. SECOND MOST COMMON AREA OF ULCERS - pH • JEJUNUM – ABOUT 8 FT. LONG • ILEUM – ABOUT 11 FT. LONG • DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION OCCURS HERE

  17. ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS • PLICA CIRCULARIS – CIRCULAR FOLDS • VILLI • MICROVILLI • THESE INCREASE SURFACE AREA • DIFFUSION, ACTIVE TRANSPORT, OSMOSIS

  18. INCREASES SURFACE AREA

  19. LARGE INTESTINE • ABOUT 5 FT. LONG BUT 2.5 INCHES IN DIAMETER • PARTS INCLUDE: -CECUM -ASCENDING COLON -TRANSVERSE COLON -DESCENDING COLON -SIGMOID COLON - RECTUM -ANUS

  20. ILEOCECAL VALVE – BETWEEN ILEUM AND CECUM AND PREVENTS THE BACKFLOW OF FECAL MATERIAL • APPENDIX IS ATTACHED TO THE CECUM • NO DIGESTION OCCURS HERE • MUCOUS FOR LUBRICATION • HAUSTRA INCREASES SURFACE AREA • ABSORPTION OF WATER, MINERALS, AND VITAMINS • VITAMINS PRODUCED BY NORMAL FLORA

  21. ELIMINATION • ACCOMPLISHED BY THE DEFECATION REFLEX WHICH MAY BE CONTROLLED VOLUNTARILY • INTERNAL SPHINCTER (INVOLUNTARY) • EXTERNAL SPHINCTER (VOLUNTARY)

  22. ENZYMES • FUNCTION WITHIN THE SMALL INTESTINE • COME FROM THE LIVER, PANCREAS, SMALL INTESTINE

  23. LIVER • FORMS BILE • BILE EMULSIFIES (MECHANICAL DIGESTION) • BILE IS MADE BY THE LIVER

  24. GALL BLADDER • STORES BILE • CCK STIMULATES THE CONTRACTION OF THE GALL BLADDER TO RELEASE BILE AND SEND IT TO THE DUODENUM

  25. PANCREAS • RELEASES ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN ALL MACRONUTRIENTS • AMYLASE – FOR CARBOHYDRATE BREAKDOWN • LIPASE – FOR FAT BREAKDOWN • TRYPSIN – FOR PROTEIN BREAKDOWN

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