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Circulatory System DHO Chapter 7:8

Circulatory System DHO Chapter 7:8. Circulatory System. Also known as cardiovascular system Blood transport system Carries O2 and nutrients to cells Carries away waste products Consists of: Heart Blood vessels Blood . Heart. Muscular, hollow organ Size of closed fist

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Circulatory System DHO Chapter 7:8

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  1. Circulatory System DHO Chapter 7:8

  2. Circulatory System • Also known as cardiovascular system • Blood transport system • Carries O2 and nutrients to cells • Carries away waste products • Consists of: • Heart • Blood vessels • Blood

  3. Heart • Muscular, hollow organ • Size of closed fist • Weighs 12 -13 oz • Location – Thoracic Cavity (mediastinum) • APEX- conical tip, points left

  4. Structure • Double “pump” that circulates blood • At rest = 2 oz blood with each beat, 5qts./min., 75 gallons/hr • Ave = 72 beats per min • 100,000 beats per day

  5. Heart Tissue • Pericardium – double layer of fibrous tissue; covers outside of heart • Myocardium – Cardiac muscle tissue • Endocardium – smooth inner lining of heart Pericardial fluid: fills the space between two of the layers to prevent friction as the heart beats (contracts)

  6. Chambers and Valves • Septum: divides into R and L halves • Upper chambers : Right and Left Atrium • Lower chambers: Right ventricle and Left Ventricle • 4 valves (one way) • Tricuspid • Bicuspid (Mitral) • Pulmonary • Aortic

  7. Blood Vessels • Blood vessels: carry blood throughout the body; “Pipelines” • Transmit blood to organs, tissues and cells • 3 main types of blood vessels • Arteries • Capillaries • Veins

  8. Arteries • Carry blood away from the heart • To lungs and body organ/tissues/cells • Aorta = largest artery • Receives blood from heart; carries to the body • Branches off into smaller and smaller arteries • Smaller arteries = arterioles • Join capillaries

  9. Capillaries • Very thin walls • Allow O2 and nutrients to enter the cells/tissues; allow CO2 to exit the cells/tissues • Connects the arteries to veins

  10. Veins • Carry blood back to the heart • From the lungs and body • Superior vena cava • Brings blood from upper body to heart • Inferior vena cava • Brings blood from lower body to heart

  11. Circulatory Process • CARDIOPULMONARY CIRCULATION– heart and lungs • SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION – from the heart to the tissues and cells, then back to the heart

  12. Arteries Veins

  13. Circulatory Process

  14. Pumps Your Blood Song Pump, pump, pumps your blood. The right atrium's where the process 
begins, 
Where the C02 blood enters the heart 
Through the tricuspid valve to the right 
ventricle 
The pulmonary artery and lungs. 
Once inside the lungs it dumps its carbon dioxide 
And picks up its oxygen supply 
Then it's back to the heart through the 
pulmonary vein 
Through the atrium and left ventricle.


 The aortic valve is where the 
blood leaves the heart 
Then it's channeled to the rest of the bod 
The arteries, arterioles, and capillaries too, 
Bring the oxygenated blood to the cells 
The tissues and the cells trade off waste and CO2 

Which is carried through the venules and the veins 
Through the larger vena cava to the atrium and lungs 
And we're back to where we started in the heart. 



  15. Electrical Conduction • SA (sinoatrial) NODE = PACEMAKER • Located in right atrium • SA node sends out electrical impulse • Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract • Travels to AV Node • AV (atrioventricular) NODE • Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle • Carries impulse to bundle of His

  16. BUNDLE OF HIS • Conducting fibers in septum • Divides into R and L branches to network of branches in ventricles (Purkinje fibers) • PURKINJE FIBERS • Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract

  17. How does the hearts conduction system work?

  18. Electrocardiogram • Movement of electrical impulse recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) • Used to detect abnormal activity or disease

  19. Conduction Problems • Arrhythmias: abnormal heart rhythms • occurs when something interferes with the normal electrical conduction pattern of the heart • Mild  life threatening • Treatment: • Defibrillator: shocks heart into normal rhythm • Pacemaker: stimulates contraction of the heart

  20. Pacemaker

  21. What is a pulse?

  22. What is your pulse? • Measures how fast the heart is beating. • Always measured in beats per minute (bpm) • Measured while patient is at rest unless otherwise ordered by doctor

  23. Where can I feel for a pulse? • Radial - thumb side of wrist, most commonly used • Brachial - used for obtaining pulse in infants; taking blood pressure • Carotid – both sides of the neck, used during CPR

  24. Apical Pulse • Pulse count taken at the apex of the heart with a stethoscope • Actual heartbeat is heard and counted • 2 separate sounds are heard • Lubb-dubb • Each lubb-dubb counts as 1 heartbeat

  25. Location of Heart in Chest

  26. What are we assessingby checking a pulse? • Rate • How fast? BPM • Rhythm • How are the beats spaced out? • Regular or irregular • Volume • How strong is it? • Strong, weak, thready or bounding Bradycardia: slow heart rate; <60 bpm Tachycardia: fast heart rate; >100 bpm

  27. Measuring & Recording Blood Pressure

  28. Blood Pressure (BP) • Measurement of the pressure that the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries during various stages of heart activity • Read in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) • Instrument used to measure BP: sphyg-moma-no-meter

  29. Cardiac (Heartbeat) Cycle • Double Pump • L & R side work together in a cycle • Diastole: heart muscle at rest (relaxes) • Heart relaxes to allow blood to fill the L & R atria • Systole: heart muscle in action (contracts) • Heart contracts to push blood out of the ventricles (out of the heart)

  30. Two Types of BP Measurements • Systolic pressure – occurs when the heart is contracting (working) • Pushing blood into the arteries to be returned to the body as well as to the lungs • This is the top number. Normal range 100-140. • Diastolic pressure – constant pressure in the walls of the arteries (when the heart is at rest or in-between contractions) • This is the bottom number. Normal range 60-90.

  31. Factors to follow for accurate readings • A person should sit and rest for at least 5 minutes before the BP is checked . • Pt should be seated or lying comfortably and arm should be supported on flat surface. • Legs should not be crossed

  32. Using a BP cuff • Area of the arm covered by the cuff should be at heart level. • Size is important. • Cuff that’s too small will give false HIGH reading. • Cuff that’s too large will give false LOW reading.

  33. WHAT’S IN YOUR BLOOD?

  34. Facts: The average adult has 4 to 6 quarts of blood in their bodies. The Heart pumps 2000 gallons of blood per day through out the body.

  35. Blood Transports: • Oxygen: from lungs to body cells • Carbon Dioxide: from body cells to lungs • Nutrients: from digestive system to body cells • Metabolic & Waste Products: from body cells to the organs of excretion • Heat: from various body parts • Hormones: produced by the endocrine glands

  36. COMPONENTS IN BLOOD INCLUDE:

  37. Where are blood cells made?

  38. BLOOD COMPOSITION Plasma • A straw-colored fluid • 90% water • Contains materials responsible for clotting the blood • Also, contains nutrients, gases, hormones, enzymes, and waste products

  39. BLOOD COMPOSITIONERYTHROCYTES (Red Blood Cells) One million made in a minute. Red blood cells (RBC’ s) contain a complex protein called Hemoglobin which carries oxygen and carbon dioxide. The flat indented disk shape provides more surface area on a RBC for absorbing oxygen. The more oxygen in the blood, the brighter the blood. 4.5 to 5 million per cc mm

  40. BLOOD COMPOSITIONLEUKOCYTES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC’s) NORMAL COUNT: 5 – 10 THOUSAND LEUKOCYTES CAN PASS THROUGH CAPILLARY WALLS AND ENTER BODY TISSUE SEARCHING OUT PATHOGENS TO ATTACK. MAIN FUNCTION IS TO FIGHT INFECTION.

  41. Leukocytes • White Blood Cells destroy and engulf pathogens and germs. • This process is called phagocytosis.

  42. BLOOD COMPOSITIONTHROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS) THESE BLOOD CELLS ARE REQUIRED FOR BLOOD TO CLOT AND HELPS TO STOP BLEEDING.

  43. 250,000 to 400,000 per cc mm PLATELETS ARE THE SMALLEST FORMED ELEMENT OF BLOOD. THEY ARE NOT CELLS BUT FRAGMENTS OF SPECIALIZED BONE MARROW CELLS. WHEN A BLOOD VESSEL IS DAMAGED, PLATELETS ARE ACTIVATED, BECOME STICKY, AND CLUMP TOGETHER TO FORM A CLOT.

  44. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) shows the microscopic image of a red blood cell, a white blood cell, and a platelet.

  45. Circulatory System Diseases & Abnormal Conditions

  46. Anemia • Inadequate # of RBC’s • Sx: pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia • Causes: hemorrhage • Types: Iron deficiency, aplastic, pernicious, sickle cell • Treatment: varies (depends on type)

  47. Sickle Cell Anemia • Chronic, inherited anemia • Production of abnormal, crescent-shaped RBC’s • Carry less O2, break easily and block blood vessels • Occurs in African-Americans

  48. Aneurysm • Ballooning out of artery wall • Causes: Diseases, congenital defects, trauma • Sx: pain or pressure (none at all) • Treatment: Surgery • Very often fatal

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