P ROIECT A PUSENI : Sustainable development of a traditional landscape in E astern Europe

1. PROIECTAPUSENI: Sustainable development of a traditional landscape in Eastern Europe Evelyn Ruşdea, Katja Brinkmann & Albert Reif University of Freiburg

2. Contents Proiect Apuseni: structure Study area and traditional land-use Interdisciplinary research: aims and methods (Dr. Evelyn Rusdea) Evaluation methods and model basedscenarios (Katja Brinkmann) Participatory methods and „Leading projects“ (Dr. Evelyn Rusdea)

3. (1) Proiect Apuseni: Structure Technical data Duration:15.9.2000 - 30.9.2003 (3 years) Support:German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) FKZ 0339720 Directors:Prof. Dr. Werner Konold - Institute for Landscape Management Prof. Dr. Albert Reif - Institute of Silviculture Freiburg Coordination:Dr. Evelyn Ruşdea, Institute for Landscape Management (D) Dr. Ioan Povară, Institute of Speleology Bucharest (RO) Partners: 9 German institutions/partners 9 Romanian institutions/partners 80-90 partners (35 German, 55 Romanian) ... an interdisciplinary, intercultural, participatory research project

4. Gheţari 1.100 m a.s.l. montaneclimate 1.400 mm 4.5o C (2) Study area: Geographical position ROMANIA

5. High pasture “Poiana Călineasa”, 1350 m a.s.l. Transect Gîrda – Gheţari – high pasture “core area” Gheţari, 1.100 m a.s.l. Gîrda de Sus, 700 m a.s.l. (2) Study area: Transect & “core area” 308 ha 175 ha forest 133 ha open land 6.000 ha - 3.800 ha forest - 2.200 ha open land

6. Study area: Region Region „Ţara Moţilor“

7. (2) Study area: Colonisation • permanent settlements for the last 120 years • Romanian “Moti” • dispersed settlements • small farms 1-3 ha meadows, pastures, small fields, gardens • • subsistence • production

8. Hay harvesting with scythe, rake and fork (2) Traditional land use: Meadows

9. Warm blooded horses and heavy horses Bassner pig Pinzgau-influenced breed Bălţată Românească- influenced breed German Simmenthal- influenced breed Marele Alb (2) Traditional land use: Animal rearing Animals per family: 1- 2 cows, calfs; 1-2 horses; pigs, chickens, dogs, cats Most animals on the high pasture during the summer Milk processed to cheese, whey and horse manure used as pig feed = Main means of subsistence

10. From May to July: ¾ of the animals and half of the population are on the high pasture “Poiana Călineasa” (1.350 m) (2) Traditional land use: High pasture

11. Electricity • Power chainsaws • Over utilisation of forests, new wealth in the short term • Consumption of luxury products: packaged supermarket goods, cars, land in the lowlands etc. • Construction of roads • Waste and rubbish increases • Traditional constructionsreplaced by modern building materials (2) Drastic changes since 1995 • Increased social differences

12. (3)Interdisciplinary research Methodological principles (1) Scaling up from an inventory of the “core area” of Ghetari towards a transect between the village “Girda de Sus”and the high pasture to the region “Ţara Moţilor” (2) Interdisciplinaryresearchbetween the disciplines of natural, economic and social sciences (3) Activeparticipationof the people and local key actors provides the basis for implementation (4)Analysis of land-use and society, evaluations and model-based “scenarios” are fundamental to exemplary implementation (5) Intercultural cooperation between German and Romanian scientists, and the local actors, contribute to a common understanding and exchange of knowledge and expertise

13. Soil analysis Field experiments Farmer interviews Forest and vegetation inventory (3)Interdisciplinary research and results

14. (3)Interdisciplinary research and results Soil map of Gheţari (308 ha) (by M. Parichi)

15. (3)Interdisciplinary research and results Vegetation map of Gheţari (308 ha) Vegetation types Spruce forest (Piceetum) Beech-Fir forest (Fagetum) Shrubland (Corylus, Spiraea) Pasture (Festuco-Brometea) Fringes Meadow (Festuco-Brometea) Field, garden Meadow (Polygono-Trisetion) Track margin, pathways Pasture/meadow (Violion can.) Path, track Meadow (Calthion)

16. (3)Interdisciplinary research and results Households: interrelation of handcrafts, agronomy, forestry (by E. Auch)

17. Ecological evaluation Socio-economic evaluation (3)Interdisciplinary research and results Transdisciplinary structure of the project Analysis of frame conditions Natural conditions Socio-economic conditions Analysis of landscape, land-use and land-use techniques · in agriculture · in forestry Socio-economic analysis of the rural economy · at the level of households · at the level of the village · at the level of regional economical circles Agriculture Forestry Trade Commerce Tourism Integrated Evaluation of potentials for development (with participation of the local population, the local authorities and regional organizations) Integrated planning for land-use managementStrategies and scenarios for a regional development

18. (4)Evaluation and scenarios • Based on objective oriented project design and management ......(ZOPP, GTZ 1997) • Problem analysis • Analysis of objectives • Identify indicators for evaluation Interdisciplinary evaluation methods and development of model based scenarios • Definition of scenarios for future developments • Interdisciplinary modellingand visualisation of scenarios • Analysis of alternative developments- recommendations

19. I = Interview PR = PRA PP = Project representation A = Project aim ? (4)Evaluation and scenarios: Problem analysis Economic and ecological problems Social problems

20. Central problem (4)Evaluation and scenarios: Problem analysis Problem tree

21. Identify Indicators Overall Objectives Specific Objectives Activities Ecology Formulate Indicators for evaluation and measurement Economy Social (4)Evaluation and scenarios: Analysis of Objectives Clustering of Objectives

22. EU-membership or not? best case worst case EU-membership of RO until 2017 no EU-membership of RO until 2017 Rapid privatisation Slow privatisation Stabilisation of currency High inflation rate Productivity increases Stagnation of productivity Wages increase Stagnation of wages Rationalisation and new investments Stagnation of working places Emigration Little emigration (4)Evaluation and scenarios: Definition of scenarios Action strategies and frame scenarios

23. action strategies strategy 1: “Traditio” defensive, no investment slow development of tourism and productivity increased forest exploitation economy few education opportunities high self-determination preservation of high biodiversity in open land low environmental pollution social ecology strategy 2: “Evolutio” investment in tourism, forestry and agriculture improvements in:tourism, productivity and techniques in agriculture andforestry sustainable forest usedecrease of forestry income higher education opportunities moderate external influences, high self- determination decrease of biodiversity increase of environmental awareness Scenario EU-membership of RO until 2017 no EU-membership of RO until 2017 strategy 3: “Capitalinvestitio” strong external investment activity improvements in:tourism, working places, infrastructure, marketing of regional products low self-determination, high external influences increase of environmental pollution solution of problems in Infrastructure Frame scenario + action strategy = Scenario definition  6 scenarios and basis scenario (actual state) (4)Evaluation and scenarios: Definition of scenarios action strategies

24. Spatial modelling Non-spatial modelling (4)Evaluation and scenarios: Modelling of scenarios

25. 1) Defining the input variables (primary descriptors) for the calculation of scenarios 2 ) Calculation of the secondary descriptors (amount of domestic animals,etc.) 3) Calculation of the production level due to the amount of domestic animals 4) Calculation of grassland area Flow of the scenario calculation in AVENUE fo rhouseholds for the supply within the target scenario 5) Calculation and Distribution of the resulting amount of manure OUTPUT ecological indicators - rareness/ endangering - naturalness/ hemeroby Integrated evaluation: Net diagramm “Amoeba” within the target scenario 6) Calculation of the necessary mineral fertiliser input 7) Simulation of the land use changes and their influence on • economic indicators • working hours, hay yield, • Fertilisation, etc. Data export to household module the floristic composition 8) Calculation of the working hours and further costs for agriculture (4)Evaluation and scenarios: Modelling of scenarios Spatial modelling with GIS

26. working hours economic indicators Invested capital whole income earned income structure of income (4)Evaluation and scenarios: Modelling of scenarios Data Processing in MS Excel Non-spatial modelling with MS Excel (by E. Auch)

27. Economic indicators Ecological indicators Changes (%) actual state “Evolutio”- EU 2017 (4)Evaluation and scenarios: results Example of two scenario types depicted as an amoeba diagram “Traditio”- none EU 2017

28. Internal and external communication (public relations, mass-media) Participation Political advertising Transdisciplinary structure of the PROIECT APUSENI Transdisciplinary structure of the project Analysis of frame conditions Natural conditions Socio-economic conditions Analysis of landscape, land-use and land-use techniques ·in agriculture ·in forestry Socio-economic analysis of the rural economy ·at the level of households ·at the level of the village ·at the level of regional economical circles Agriculture Forestry Trade Commerce Tourism Ecological evaluation Socio-economic evaluation Integrated Evaluation of potentials for development (with participation of the local population, the local authorities and regional organizations) Strategies and scenarios for a regional development

29. Participatory actions: examples Planning for Real Role-play Gheţari in 2017 ? Workshop for the future Leading Projects (5) Participatory methods Participation in the PROIECT APUSENI Public relations, opening ceremony, flyers, discussions, lectures • Information / Motivation • Participation • Co-operation Interviews (locals and experts), PRA, workshops, consulting Leading projects, „Forum comunal“ Association „Platoul Gheţari - Călineasa“

30. (5) Participatory methods: Participatory actions Meeting with the mayors from the region Planning for Real

31. (5) Participatory methods: Participatory actions Evolutio Capital- investitio Traditio Role-playing „Future of Gheţari until 2017“ – 3 scenarios

32. (5) Participatory methods: Leading projects Participation through „Leading projects“ • Grassland management and fertilisation • Animal breeding, construction of stables • Vegetable crops • Medicinal plants: Arnica montana • Water supply • Rural tourism

33. Leading project „Animal breeding“ • Animal breeding • Planning of stable • building • Winterschool

34. (5) Participatory methods: Leading projects Leading project „Crop cultivation“ - New vegetable species and varieties - Greenhouse (plastic film) - Seedling procurement - Winterschool

35. Leading project „Medicinal plants“ Arnica montana

36. Leading project „Rural tourism“ New tourist pension Seminar„Rural tourism“

37. (5) Participatory methods: Leading projects Leading project „Rural tourism“ Tourists Information center in Ghetari: A traditional blockhouse stable, roof made from spruce branches

38. Thank you for your attention!