Capita Selecta On Grammar sentence

1. By : Fitri hidayati 20110540058 Capita Selecta On Grammarsentence

2. SENTENCES • Simple sentences • Compound sentences • Complex sentences • Compound-complex sentences • Positive/affirmative sentences • Negative sentences • Interrogative sentences • Negative-interrogatie sentences • Verbal sentences • Nominal sentences • Active sentences • Passive sentences • Command sentences • Imperrative sentences • Question tag • Declarative sentences • Request sentences • Transitive sentences • Intransitive sentences • Dirrect sentences • Indirrect sentences • Conditional sentences • Causatives sentences • Subjunctives sentences

3. simple sentence is one independentclause in a subject verb pattern and itexpresses a completethought. Example : Icha play badminton every morning. Some peoples like to wear jacket. Simple Sentence

4. contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator: for, and, no, but, or, yet, and so. Example : • Rani clean the floor but his sister play the games • Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.  Compound Sentence

5. Complex Sentence complex sentencehas an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses, and it always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or relative pronoun. Example: • I was washing my clothes when Dani came to my boarding house. • Although I was younger than him, but I m taller than him. • Qori and Fidya went to bookstore because they have to buy some book.

6. Fill in the blanks with because, when, or that. He showed me _______ we could be successful if we were willing to work hard. I learned from him and ______ he was too old, I took over from him. It was happened _______ I meet Mrs Darsih. She is rich ________ she has chocolate factory. EXERCISE

7. The combination of compound sentence and complex sentence. You can combine the subjunction from compound and complex sentence. Example: 1. I could not explain to Uci about sentence soshe was dissaponted yesterday becauseI didn’t understand. 2. Althoughmy parents are javaness, I can’t speak javaness language for formal setting. Compound-Complex Sentences

8. Positive sentences means yes ( or statement) states that something is true or correct tell us what something is, has or does. Example  : 1.   The cat is black. 2.   Fany goto Pudja Fashion store. 3.   Beni drive his car very fast. POSITIVE SENTENCE

9.   Negative sentences means NO ( or statement ) states that something is not true or Incorrect.tell us the opposite. The word not is included in the sentence. Don't forget that not is often shortened to n't. For example, can not becomes can't, does not becomes doesn't and so on. Negative are words Like: 1.No 5. Never 2.Not 6. None 3. Neither 7. Nothing 4. Nor 8. hardly NEGATIVE SENTENCE Example : 1.   The cat isn't black 2.   Fany didn’t goto Pudja fashion store. 3.   Beni hasn't driven his car very fast.

10. Kind of Type Interogative Sentence 1.  Yes / No Question = Is the Question whose answer yes / No. Example : A.  Is Hani a teacher.? B.  Can you speak English.? C.  Has she called the police.? 2.  WH – Question = Invite the speakers to learn more about a topic of Conversation Example : 1.  What is your name? 2.  Where do you live? 3.  Which one is your book?

11. Negative Interogative Sentence     To form a negative question, the verb is placed before the subject, and the word not is placed after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of "not" immediately follows the verb.                              Example: 1) Without Without Contractions     A. Were they not ready?      B. Did she not want to learn proper English?    2) With Contractions                A. Weren't they ready?                                                                       B.  Didn't she want to learn?          NEGATIVE INTEROGATIVE SENTENCE

12. A Sentence with verb as the predicate.For example: She studies hard every day. I like to listen the jazz music We watch television together Verbal sentence

13. a. Positive verbal sentenceThis sentence is often also called affirmative sentence, in general, this phrase is used to declare an event or action.For example:  They walk to the school b. Negative verbal sentenceThis will be negative sentences by adding 'do / does / did + not' before verb.For example: The do not (don’t) walk to the school c. Interrogative verbal sentenceInterrogative verbal sentences are form by putting ‘do/does /did’ at the beginning of sentence.For example:  Do they walk to school? Kind of verbal sentence

14. Nominal sentence is a sentence that has predicate not a verb, , but can be an adjective, noun or adverb, then the nominal sentence should be inserted auxiliary verb to be like 'is, am, areand were the resource persons / was (which is used in the past )He / She / It      = IsI                       = AmYou/ They / we = AreFor example:  She is an actress in Hollywood. They are clever student. If I were a boy, I will be able to beat you. NOMINAL Sentence

15. a. Positive nomnal sentenceThis sentence is often also called affirmative sentence, in general, this phrase is used to situation, position or rank.For example: • Emi is a beautiful girl. b. Negative nominal sentenceThis will be negative sentences by adding ‘not' after to be.For example: • Emi is not a beautiful girl. c. Interrogative nominal sentenceInterrogative nominal sentences are form by putting ‘to be’ at the beginning of sentence.For example: • Is Emi a beautiful girl? Kind of Nominal Sentence

16. Active and passive Sentences • Active Sentense is a sentence which the subject is doer. • Pattern Sub. + V1 + Object + Adverb • Passive Sentense is a Sentence which the subject is the recipient. • Pattern Sub. + is/ are/ am + Verb 3 + BP + Adverb notes : • Sub = Subyek • Bp = By Phrase ( Obyek pelaku )

17. Subject active become object passive Object active become subject passive The additional of preposition “ by ‘’ before the object Prediate / verb become : Be + V3 Be Is, am,are was,were Been Being The regulation of the change

18. Active She sweeps the floor every morning subj V obj Passive The floor is swept by her every morning subj be V obj Example

19. Adjust the form of the verbs in brackets. Our cash flow ________ (review) at present. The total cost for the product’s promotion __________ (calculate) right now. Hartati ________ and ________ (fire;send) to jail because she was caught shoplifting. When we received our bonus, half of it _________ (put aside) to buy a gold coin. EXERCISE

20. Definition A command is a sentence that is used to tell someone to do something, or to give an order. Commands can end with a period, or with an exclamation mark. Command Sentences

21. Here are two examples of commands: 1. Bring me the book. In this command, the author uses a period to show that he/she is giving an order calmly. 2. Bring me the book!. In this command, the author is using an exclamation mark to show that he really wants the book, and that he doesn't want to wait for it. When you read a command that ends in an exclamation mark aloud, you should read it with very strong emotion. Examples

22. definition Examples • A type of sentence that give advice or intructions or that expresses a request or command. • An imperative sentence typically begins with the base form of a verb, as in Go now! The implied subjectyou is said to be "understood" (or elliptical): (You) go now! • Give us the gate key. • Buy me some peanuts and Crackers. • Wash the white clothes on Monday. Imperative

23. Question Tags are short questions at the end of the sentence. In the Indonesian language, we may often hear people say, “kamu terlambat, kan?” Well the word “KAN"here called the question tags in English. There are two kind of question tag, positive and negative QUESTION TAG

24. 1. With the Auxiliary (Kata Bantu) Example: You are the secretary, aren’t you? Susi can swim well, can’t she? They should go to the campus now, shouldn’t they? *NOTES* • If you can see the auxiliary (is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, had, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must) so you can use them as the TAG • Negative Tag should be formed by the acronym. Use the word ‘not’ that separated with Auxiliary is not common. Like this -> I have a good skill,Have not I? -> I have a good skill, haven’t I? QUESTION TAG - Positive StatementThe formula is: (+) Statement, (-) tag?

25. Negative statements are much more easily than with a positive statement because we've seen a Auxiliary in his statement. Help us move the words into the TAG. Negative statements are frequently used to ask for help or ask for information about something / someone. Example: • There is not any bags, is there? • My parents will not go to Bali, will they? • Nobody wants follow our group, do they? • Everybody does not bring theis tasks, do they? • You never leave her alone, do you? QUESTION TAG – Negative Statement The formula is: (-) statement, (+) Tag?

26. Nobody, Nothing considered negative • Nobody considered THEY in the TAG, and Nothing considered IT in the TAG • BE CAREFUL!!! With the auxiliary that show in the statement. See the third example: nobody wants follow our group, do they? Why the tag use DO? Although there is WANTS (though as single) but there is NOBODY considered THEY, so we use DO. • Never, seldom, barely, little, few, considered negative (fifth example) You never leave her alone, do you? • But REMEMBER!!!!!, a few, and a littleconsidered POSITIVE STATEMENT *NOTES*

27. Is the statement sentence or news statement either positive of negative States idea, not a question, not an exclamation, or not an order (imperative) Declarative Sentence ends with a full stop(.) Example: I bring a bag. I am studying english with my boyfriend. She is not absent everyday. I have study for the exam. DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

28. Almost the same with IMPERRATIVE SENTENCE. But REQUEST SENTENCE more polite, and it used for formal setting. You can add the words: Please, Will, Would, Would you mind Example: Would you mind if I copy your file, sir? Will you join with us, please? REQUEST SENTENCE

29. examples of transitive verbs with their objects: In the spring, Damien will run his first marathon. • Will run = transitive verb marathon = direct object. • And the other of examples : I sold some books. I took the bus. I bought a radio. I understood her question. I wrote a letter. TRANSITIVE When a verb has an object that receives the action of the verb, we say that the verb is transitive.

30. intransitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doble activity like arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die, etc. Second, unlike a transitive verb, it will not have a direct object receiving the action. Intransitive Verbs • examples of intransitive verbs : • Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare. • Arrived = intransitive verb. • James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew. • Went = intransitive verb.

31. Indirect speech or reported speech is used when we want to retell one’s opinion or someone’s talk to another person. Reported speech is usually started by introducing verbs such as; say, tell, answer, inform, explain, add, order, and command. reported speech can be formed from; statement, command/imperative, question. Direct indirect speech

32. 1. STATEMENT

33. THE CHANGE OF TIME ON REPORTED SPEECH

35. THE CHANGE OF PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

36. Change into indirect speech Mike said, “I wiil come to your house”. He says, “I write the letter to my girlfriend”. “Do you need a pen?” Ani asked. John asked, “What do you want?”. EXERCISE

37. a. Positive command ex : ‘’come in, please’’, tom asked. tom asked her TO COME IN b. Negative command ex : ‘’ don’t go out’’ Mr. simon told me NOT TO GO OUT IMPERATIVE/COMMAND

38. Yes, no question are question that are started with auxiliary verbs such as : is, am, are, do, does, did, has, have, had, can-could, may-might , will-would, shall-should, etc, and the answer is yes or no. in yes/no question, the reported speech is started with if or whether+subyek+verb. QUESTION

39. WH/HOW QUESTION are question that are started with WH/HOW-QUESTION such us : WHAT, WHY, WHERE, WHOSE, WHO, HOW+SUBYEK+VERB.Example :

40. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

41. EXERCISE • If a ruby is heated, it ____ temporarily lose its color. a. would b. will c. does d. has • If calcium oxide remains exposed to air, _____ to calcium carbonate. a. turning b. turns c. It turn d. the turn • ______ two waves pass a given point simultaneously, they will have no effect on each other’s subsequent motion. a. So that b. They are c. That d. If • If services are increased, taxes ____________ a. will probably go up b. probably go up c. probably up d. going up probably

42. CAUSATIVEHAVE and GET(ask and persuade)

43. 1. Causative have is followed by the simple form a verb, not an infinitive. Causative have means that someone asks another person to do something.

44. 2. Causative get is followed by to infinitive. causative get means that someone persuades other people to do something.

45. 3. Causative have and get is followed by the past participle to give a passive meaning

46. 3. Causative have and get is followed by the past participle to give a passive meaning

47. We use subjunctive when talking about the events that somebody: • Want to happen, • Hopes will happen, • Imagines happening. The structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs except the past tense of be, the subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"). SUBJUNCTIVEwish, if only, as if, would rather, as though

50. Subjunctive usually use two structure: • Verb : ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that • Express: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that