GROUP 3

1. GROUP 3 Prepared for : Cik Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman Prepared by : Aliya Ros Josephin Nadia Shah Ika

2. TASK 1 DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE FUNCTION OF LIPOPROTEIN HDL, LDL AND VLDL AND CORRELATE THESE WITH ARTERIOSCLEROIS

3. LIPOPROTEIN Types: • Chylomicron • VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein) • LDL (low Density Lipoprotein) • HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

4. VLDL (VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN) • made in the liver from excess dietary carbohydrate and protein along with the chylomicron remnant • Secreted into the blood stream • Rich in triglycerides • Function is to deliver the triglycerides to body cells.

5. LDL (LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN) • Arise from VLDL that loose much of its triglycerides, then it becomes LDL • Made in the liver as VLDL • Secreted into blood stream • Rich in cholesterol • Function : deliver cholesterol to all body cells

6. Cholestrol aid in : • Digestion • Hormones formation

7. HDL (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN) • Made in the liver and small intestine • Secreted into the blood stream • Reverse cholesterol transport (pick up cholesterol from the body cells and take it back into the liver) • Potential to help prevent heart disease.

9. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE : ATHEROSCLEROSIS (AS) • Atherosclerosis : a dz of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls. • Arteriosclerosis : thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries

10. Progression of atherosclerosis Endothelial Dysfunction 1 • Impairment of Endothelial synthesis of Prostacyclin and Nitric oxide • which is important in preventing adhesion of platelet and WBC on the arterial wall. • Damage to the vascular endothelium. • LDLs begin to accumulate at the injury site.

11. Oxidation of LDLs 2 • Monocyte cross the endothelium and differentiate into macrophages and start to ingest and oxidize the accumulated LDLs. • Macrophages = foamlike appearance then aggregate on the blood vessels and form a visible fatty streak.

12. Atherosclerotic plaques 3 • With times, the fatty streak becomes larger and the surrounding fibrous and smooth muscles tissues proliferate to form larger and larger plaques. • The lipid deposits plus the cellular proliferation can become so large that the plaque bulges into the lumen of the artery and greatly reduces the blood flow, sometimes completely occluding the blood vessel.

13. Example : Rabbit • Rabbit normally have low plasma cholesterol concentrations because of their vegetarian diet. Simply feeding these animals large quantities of cholesterol as part of their daily diet leads to serious atherosclerotic plaques throughout their arterial system. HDL’s can actually absorb cholesterol crystals that are beginning to be deposited in the arterial walls which can prevent atherosclerosis.

14. TASK STATE THE ROLE FOR : • Phosphatidyl Choline • Phosphatidylethanolamine • Phosphatidylserine • Phosphatidylinositol • Phosphatidylglycerol

15. PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE phosphatidyl choline is a construction material that the body uses to repair the membranes of cells. It also supports liver and brain functions and is used to make the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholine. role in regulating the physical properties of membranes, with more unsaturated fatty acids functioning to increase fluidity.  plays a role in membrane-mediated cell-signalling and phosphatidyl choline transfer protein(PCTP) activation of other enzymes.

16. PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE • Phosphatidylethanolamine is found in all living cells, although in human physiology it is found particularly in nervous tissue such as the white matter of brain, nerves, neural tissue, and in spinal cord.  • It has a key role in the structure of membranes, with a specific role in stabilizing the structure of some proteins, allowing them a transporting or enzymatic function in or at the membrane.

17. PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE Is located in the inner surface of the plasma membrane. It is required cofactor of protein Kinases C and other enzymes. • Important role in the intracellular signaling system • Participate in blood coagulation • Apotosis and mineral deposition in bone

18. PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL • Phosphatidylinositols and its phosphorylated derivatives act to regulate cell structure and metabolism. • roles in the cellular signalling system • in the synthesis of eicosanoids • as a component of membranes and as membrane anchors for protein • Participant in essential metabolic processes in plants and animals

19. PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL • Phosphatidyl glycerol is found in the cell membranes of most bacteria and in certain parts of plants and animals. • The function is to reservoir for intracellular messengers • Anchor of some proteins for cell membrane • Stabilization of protein structure • Cofactor of enzyme • Maintain structure of cell membrane

20. TASK 3LIST DOWN THE ROLE OF PROSTAGLANDIN, THROMBOXANE AND LEUKOTRIENE

21. PROSTAGLANDIN

22. INTRODUCTION OF PROSTAGLANDIN • Produce by the prostate gland • Prostaglandins have a variety of biochemical and physiological effects, including hormonal effects. FUNCTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS • Induction of inflammation. • Involved in the induction of labor and other reproductive processes. • Control of blood pressure. • Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction.

23. THROMBOXANE

24. INTRODUCTION OF THROMBOXANE • Produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties. FUNCTION OF THROMBOXANE • Stimulates constriction and clotting of platelets. • Stimulates activation of new platelet as well as increases platelet aggregation. • As autocrine and paracrine mediator in the nearby tissues surrounding its site of production.

26. LEUKOTRIENE

27. INTRODUCTION OF LEUKOTRIENE • Derived from arachidonic acid. • Found in leukocytes (white blood cell). FUNCTIONS OF LEUKOTRIENE • Promote constriction of bronchi associated with asthma. • Increase vascular permeability. • Involved in asthmatic and allergic reactions and act to sustain inflammatory reactions. • Trigger contractions in the smooth muscles lining the trachea.

29. FINALLY, ITS FINISH….TQ