Physical Science EOCT Quick Review

1. Physical Science EOCT Quick Review

2. Scientific Method Independent Variable - factor that, as it changes, affects the measure of another variable. Dependent Variable - factor that changes as a result of changes in the other variables. Order of the Scientific Method: Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion Hypothesis-Statement that answers the question and can be tested

3. Scientific Method Types of Graphs- Line Graph-used to show relationship Bar Graph-used when counting something Circle/ Pie Graph-used with parts of a hole (fractions, percentages)

4. SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom. Atom- The smallest part of a substance that still has all the same properties Protons (+), in nucleus Neutrons (no charge)-in nucleus Electrons (negative)-electron cloud The farther from the nucleus, the more energy

5. SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom. Valence Electrons- outermost electrons, most important in bonding Mass number (atomic Mass) = the # of protons + # neutrons Atomic number -the # of protons (different for each element) Isotope- Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

6. SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom. Ion- atoms who loose or gain electrons Cations- loose electrons to form positive ions (Metals, Groups 1-3) Anions- gain electrons to form negative ions (Non-metals, Groups 15-18)

7. SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom. Covalent Bonds- electrons are shared Between 2 nonmetals (ex. CO2, CH4, ) Ionic Bonds- electrons are missing or added Between a metal and a nonmetal (ex. NaCl, MgI2)

8. SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matter. Matter- anything that takes up space Physicalproperty – is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Density-physical property of matter, ratio of mass to volume (m/v Other examples-Boiling Point, Color, Conductivity, Malleability, Mass, Melting Point, Odor, Shape, State of Matter

9. SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matter. Chemical property- how matter changes into entirelynew substances. Examples-Ability to Burn, Ability to Corrode, Reactivity with Chemicals, Reactivity with Light

10. SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matter. Binary Ionic Compounds -ionic compounds with 2 ions, predict formula using crossing method To name Write cation (+) first Write anion (-), replace end with -ide

11. SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matter. Covalent Molecules- atoms share valence electrons To Name Write the element farthest to the left first Add a prefix to show how many atoms of that element (ex. –di, -tri, -tetra) Add a prefix for second atom (ex. –mono, -di, -tri, -tetra Add –ide to the end of the second atom Ex. P2S5- diphosphoruspentasulfide

12. SPS2. Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matter. Law of Conservation of Mass- the mass of reactants = the mass of products in a chemical reaction Chemical Equations Reactants  Products Must be balanced Types of Reactions Synthesis- A + B AB Decomposition AB A + B Single Replacement A + BC  AC + B Double Replacement AB + CD  AD + CB

13. SPS3. Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity. Radioactivity­-When unstable atoms decay Alpha ( α ) radiation, consist of large helium (He) nuclei, can be stopped by a piece of paper Beta ( β ) radiation, consist of small electrons (e−), more penetrating, stopped by a wood board Gamma ( γ ) rays. This radiation is an extremely energetic form of light, stopped by a thick layer of lead or concrete

14. SPS3. Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity. half-life- time required for one-half of the atoms to undergo decay to isotopes of other atoms (Ex. Ra has a half-life of 3.8 days so after 3.8 days ½ of the sample is left, after 7.6 days ¼ of the sample is left) Fission- atoms break apart and produce lighter elements, used in nuclear energy Fusion- atoms join (fuse) and produce heavier elements, occurs in the sun

15. SPS4. Students will investigate the arrangement of the Periodic Table. Valence electrons- Group 1 & 2- valence electrons = group # Groups 13-18-take group # & subtract 10 Groups 1, 2, 13- lose electrons to form cations (+) Groups 15, 16, 17- gain electrons to form anions (-)

16. SPS4. Students will investigate the arrangement of the Periodic Table. Metals- to the left, most are solids, known for luster and conductivity Alkali metals- Group 1, very reactive Alkaline Earth Metals- Group 2, very reactive Metalloids -along the line between metals & Nonmetals, solids, useful in electronics

17. SPS4. Students will investigate the arrangement of the Periodic Table. Metalloids -along the line between metals & Nonmetals, solids, useful in electronics Nonmetals -to the right, gases-O, N, Fl, Cl, and nobles gases, others solids, do not conduct Noble Gases- Group 18, least reactive

18. SPS5. Students will compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion. Solids- particles vibrate but do not move, definite shape & volume Liquid- molecules held loosely, moving slightly, volume but no shape Gas- atoms far apart, moving quickly, no volume or shape Plasmas- Gases with so much energy they loose electrons, ex. Solar flares

19. SPS5. Students will compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion. Pressure- force per unit of surface area ↑ in temperature = ↑ in pressure ↑ in volume = ↓in pressure

20. SPS5. Students will compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion.

21. SPS6. Students will investigate the properties of solutions. Solution- uniform type of mixture Solute- substance being dissolved, usually the smaller amount, ex. The salt in saltwater Solvent -substance doing the dissolving, usually larger amount, ex. The water in saltwater

22. SPS6. Students will investigate the properties of solutions. Solubility- ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, such as water Saturated- has maximum amount of solute dissolved (full) Unsaturated- below maximum, (not full) Supersaturated- more than maximum amount of solute, won’t dissolve anymore (too full)

23. Conductivity- ability to conduct electricity, ionic solutions have high conductivity Concentration- how much solute has been dissolved ↑ solubility by Stirring Break into smaller pieces ↑ the temperature

24. Solubility curve- graph that shows how the amount of dissolved solute changes with temperature.

25. pH scale- measure of how acidic or basic a solution is Acids- forms H+ in solution, taste sour, reacts with metals, conducts electricity pH less than 7 Bases- forms OH+, taste bitter, feels slippery, does not react with metal, conducts electricity pH greater than 7 Neutral-water pH 7

26. SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system. Forms of Energy-Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Nuclear, Radiant/ Light, Thermal, Sound, Electromagnetic Law of conservation of energy-energy cannot be created nor destroyed Types of Mechanical Energy Kinetic Energy-energy of motion Potential-stored energy of position

27. SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system. Energy Transformations Chemical – burning →Heat –turbine →Mechanical - generator →Electrical

28. SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system. Heat Transfer Conduction-transfer of heat by direct contact, ex. Touching a hot spoon Conductors-materials that conduct heat, ex. Metals Insulators-materials that do not conduct heat, ex. Plastic, wood Convection-transfer of heat by heated fluids, creates convection currents Radiation-transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves, ex. Sunlight heating a house

29. SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system. Specific heat capacity (C)-different substances have the ability to absorb only a certain amount of heat The amount of heat energy a substance gains or loses, Q= m C (Tf-Ti)

30. SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system. phase diagram-shows how a pure substance changes from one phase to another based on the temperature, T, and the pressure, P

31. SPS8. Students will determine relationships among force, mass, and motion. Force (F) F = m a, an action that can cause motion units are Newton’s balanced forces-no change in motion Unbalanced-change motion Speed - distance per unit time Velocity - speed & direction v=d/t, units of m/s Acceleration -change in velocity over time a=(vf-vi)/t, unit of m/s2

32. SPS8. Students will determine relationships among force, mass, and motion. Newton’s Laws Newton’s First Law-an object at rest will stay at rest Inertia-object’s tendency to resist a change in motion Large mass = more inertia Small mass = less inertia Newton’s Second Law – F = ma Newton’s Third Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

33. SPS8. Students will determine relationships among force, mass, and motion. Gravitational force-force between 2 objects W=mg (g=acceleration due to gravity=9.8 m/s2) Electromagnetic forces-forces due to electricity or magnetism Nuclear forces-forces exerted by the nucleus of an atom Frictional forces-force stop motion by changing to heat sliding, rolling, static Work (W) - force applied over a distance, W = Fd, units=joules (j)

34. SPS8. Students will determine relationships among force, mass, and motion. Simple machine-machines that work in 1 movement examples-Inclined Plane, Lever, Pulley, Screw, Wedge, Wheel and Axle effort force(Fe)-applied force resistance force (Fr)-force exerted by machine mechanical advantage(MA)-number of times a machine multiplies the effort force, MA= Fr/ Fe

35. SPS9. Students will investigate the properties of waves. Wave-disturbances that repeat the same cycle of motion and transfer energy through matter or empty space. Mechanical Waves-transfer energy through matter, ex. Water waves, sound waves Electromagnetic Waves-can transfer energy through vacuums, ex. Light & radio

36. SPS9. Students will investigate the properties of waves. Properties of Waves Amplitude- distance from equilibrium to crest or trough, small amplitude = little energy, large amplitude= more energy Wavelength(λ)-distance between crests or troughs, shorter wavelength= more energy Frequency(f)-# of waves per second, unit is hertz (Hz) Speed-how fast it moves depends on medium v=f λ

37. SPS9. Students will investigate the properties of waves. Sound-vibrations of medium Requires a medium Travels through all substances v=343m/s Electromagnetic can travel through space is absorbed by opaque substances v=300,000km/s

38. SPS9. Students will investigate the properties of waves. Electromagnetic Spectrum(largest  smallest λ, smallest  largest f) Radio Waves-in TV, radio Microwaves-absorbed by water=cooking Infrared-the hotter the temp, the more infrared waves Visible Light-ROY G BIV Ultraviolet-from sun, UV lights, very hot objects X-rays-from x-ray tubes, do not pass through bones=X-rays Gamma rays-from radioactive atoms, high energy=very dangerous

39. SPS9. Students will investigate the properties of waves. Behavior of waves Reflection-wave bounces off of an object Refraction-wave bends when it hits a new medium Diffraction-a wave passes through a hole or moves past a barrier and spreads out in the region beyond the hole or barrier Interference-2 or more waves arrive at the same point at the same time Constructive-wave amplitudes add Deconstructive-wave amplitudes cancel out Doppler Effect- a sound source moves toward a listener, causing the pitch, or apparent frequency, of the sound to increase

40. SPS10. Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism. Static electricity- the buildup of electric charges on an object Friction-rubbing causes charges to separate and build up on an object Conduction-electrons flow by direct contact Induction-electrons are rearranged without touching Electrical Current (I) -movement of electrical charges, units=ampere (a) Circuit-closed path for electrons to flow

41. SPS10. Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism. Voltage (V)-potential energy between 2 places in a circuit, units = volts (V) Resistance (R)-opposition to flow, unit=ohms (Ω) Ohm’s Law-V=IR Types of Current Alternating Current (AC)-electrons change direction Direct Current (DC)-electrons move in the same direction, ex. Batteries

42. SPS10. Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism. Types of Circuits Series-1 path in circuit Parallel-different paths in 1 circuit

43. SPS10. Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism. Magnetism-the force of attraction or repulsion that is produced by an arrangement of electrons Magnets have two poles: a north pole and a south pole Unlike magnetic poles attract (N S) like magnetic poles repel (N N) Electromagnet-magnet produced by electricity