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Chapter 3 Vocal Folds

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Chapter 3 Vocal Folds

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    1. Chapter 3 Vocal Folds Perry C. Hanavan, Au.D.

    2. Question What is meant by phonation? Whispered speech sound Voiced speech sound Produce a nasal sound Use your lips to produce sound I don’t know

    3. Vocal Cords Phonation Vocal cords (variables) Length Mass (thickness) Tension Normal Vocal Cord Images/Videos

    4. Cultures The Jimi Hendrix of Mongolia Incredible Human Machine Steven Tyler Wall of Sound Naturally 7

    5. Question Who has the longer vocal folds? Men Women Young boys Young girls Cats

    6. Question Whose pitch rises as they age? Men Women Young boys Young girls Cats

    7. Question When does the most dramatic change in phonation occur? Childhood Pubescence Adulthood Elderly Infancy

    8. VC Fundamental Frequency Fo (fundamental of vocal fold vibrations) SFF = speaking fundamental frequency Average Fo of an individual during normal conversation or during oral reading SFF variations: Age Gender Emotions Sentence type Disease Medications

    9. SFF and Age Infants 350-500 Hz Children 270-300 Hz Pubescence 120 Hz - males; 220 Hz - females Seniors 162 Hz - males; 177 Hz - females

    10. Gender Pubescence More dramatic change in males than females SFF Seniors SFF increases in males SFF decreases in females

    11. Adult Gender Differences Male vocal folds: 17 mm and 25 mm (0.67" to 1.0") in length. Female vocal folds: 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm (0.5" to 0.7") in length.

    12. Frequency Variables Stress and accent of sounds in speech Prosody features of speech Measured by: FoSD Normal conversation 20-35 Hz Varies by age, gender, emotions Semitones=pitch sigma (2-4 semitones) Range – difference between highest and lowest Fo in sample of speech

    13. Whose voice has the greatest frequency variation? Infants Children Adolescents Adults Seniors

    14. Range of Freq. Variability Infants greatest range -1202 Hz Children 150-190 Hz Adolescents 64-95 Hz Seniors 78-101 Hz

    15. Question What can influence our voice intensity? Prosody of speech Emotions Social situations Health All the above

    16. Amplitude Normal 65-85 dB SPL Prosody of speech Emotions Social situations Health

    17. Medications Adversely Affecting Voice Antidepressants Muscle relaxants Diuretics Antihypertensives (blood pressure medication) Antihistamines (allergy medications) Anticholinergics (asthma medications) High-dose Vitamin C (greater than five grams per day)   Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (blood pressure medication) may induce a cough or excessive throat clearing. Pill may cause edema in the vocal cords due to estrogen. Estrogen replacement therapy post-menopause may have effect. Low level of thyroid replacement medication in patients with hypothyroidism. Anticoagulants (blood thinners) may increase chances of vocal cord hemorrhage or polyp formation in response to trauma.

    18. Medical Conditions Affecting Voice Poor health Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease (LPRD) Voice misuse and overuse Benign vocal cord nodules Vocal Cord Hemorrhage Vocal Cord Paralysis and Paresis Neurologic related Laryngeal cancer

    19. Voice Disorders Diplophonia Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD) is a general term to describe excessive and unnecessary tension of laryngeal muscles during voicing.  MTD is often referred to by many different names including - hyperfunction, functional dysphonia, ventricular or false vocal fold compression, etc.  MTD is thought to be a compensatory mechanism in the presence of underlying laryngeal pathology.  Symptoms often include a sensation of excessive laryngeal tension and strain, vocal fatigue, and hoarseness. Neurologic Spasmodic disphonia Spasmodic disphonia

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