Unit IV: America Between The Wars

1. Unit IV:America Between The Wars

2. Postwar Trends • Returning soldiers faced unemployment • Many women and minorities lost their jobs due to returning soldiers • Cost of living doubled • Nativism • Isolationism Troops returning from war (Library of Congress, 1919)

3. The Lost Generation • This is the term used to refer to the generation that came of age during World War I and the hundreds of thousands of them that died.

4. Ernest Hemingway • The term “Lost Generation” was coined by Hemingway • Wrote: The Old Man in the Sea • A Farewell to Arms • For Whom the Bell Tolls • The Sun Also Rises • Won a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 Ernest Hemingway in Milan (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, 1918)

5. F. Scott Fitzgerald • Wrote: The Great Gatsby • Left Princeton and joined the Army in 1917 • Met wife Zelda F. Scott Fitzgerald (The World's Work, 1921)

6. Excerpt: The Great Gatsby • When they met again, two days later, it was Gatsby who was breathless, who was, somehow, betrayed. • Her porch was bright with the bought luxury of star-shine; the wicker of the settee squeaked fashionably as she turned toward him and he kissed her curious and lovely mouth. She had caught a cold, and it made her voice huskier and more charming than ever, and Gatsby was overwhelmingly aware of the youth and mystery that wealth imprisons and preserves, of the freshness of many clothes, and of Daisy, gleaming like silver, safe and proud above the hot struggles of the poor.—Ch. 8

7. T.S. Eliot • Poet, Playwright, and Literary Critic • Born in the US went to Harvard and Oxford • Became British citizen at the age of 39 • Wrote: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock • The Waste Land (1922) • The Hollow Men (1925) • Ash Wednesday (1930) • Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot (Morrell, n.d.)

8. Edith Wharton • Wrote: A Son at The Front • She and her husband like many other artists were US citizens living in France (ex-patriots) • Her son was born in France but was a US citizen as well; he decided to fight for France and died Edith Wharton (Halsey, 1919)

9. Young Women Change the Rules • Many women began to assert their independence, reject the values of the 19th century, and demand the same freedoms as men • New work opportunities for women in offices, factories, stores, and professions • By 1930, 10 million women earned a wage • Women earned less than men because their working was considered temporary

10. The Flapper: • Flapper: an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day • Young women clipped their long hair into boyish bobs and dyed it jet black • Some began smoking and drinking in public and talking openly about sex • Danced: fox trot, camel walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy Violet Romer in flapper dress (George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress, n.d.b)

11. The Double Standard • The flapper was more an image of rebellious youth than a widespread reality • Casual dating became increasingly accepted • Double standard: a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women (Thule, 1927)

12. The Changing Family • Birth rate dropped • Margaret Sanger: opened the first birth-control clinic in 1916 • American birth control league, 1921 • Children began to spend most of their time at school and organized activities • Teens begin to socialize more with other teens Cover of Birth Control Review 1923 (Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, 1923)

13. Suffrage historical marker (Tennessee State Library and Archives, 2008)

14. “The Perfect 36” • Three fourths of the states must ratify a proposed amendment for it to be added to the Constitution. • In 1920 (48 states) Tennessee became the 36th to ratify the 19th Amendment (allowing women the right to vote)! Vamped! Carrie Chapman Catt Papers (Tennessee State Library and Archives, 1920a)

15. Gov. Albert Roberts • Called a special session on July 25, 1920, to consider the amendment. Albert H. Roberts (Tennessee State Library and Archives, n.d.)

16. Anne Dallas Dudley • Elected President of the Tennessee Equal Suffrage Association in 1915 • She became 3rd VP of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Anne Dallas Dudley circa 1900 (George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress, n.d.a)

17. (Tennessee State Library and Archives, 1920c)

18. Harry Burn • Youngest member of the state legislature (22yrs) • Took action to ratify the 19th Amendment in his first term • Changed vote from “Nay” due to a letter from his mother asking him to vote in favor of the amendment • His vote broke the tie (Tennessee State Library and Archives, 1920b)

19. ERA: Equal Rights Amendment • Once women won the right to vote, they continued the struggle for equal rights. • This struggle continues today. • Since the ERA Amendment was not passed, it has been in limbo waiting for three more states to pass it for it to become the next Amendment in our Constitution. First Lady Betty Ford’s “Bloomer Flag” made for her limousine (Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum, 1981)

20. References George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress. (n.d.a). Anne Dallas Dudley [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_Dallas_Dudley_LOC.jpg#/media/File:Anne_Dallas_Dudley_LOC.jpg George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress. (n.d.b). Violet Romer in flapper dress [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flappers#/media/File:Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress,_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum. (1981). First Lady Betty Ford’s “Bloomer Flag”. [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Equal_Rights_Amendment#/media/File:First_Lady_Betty_Ford’s_“Bloomer_Flag”.jpg Halsey, F. (1919). Edith Wharton [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edith_Wharton#/media/File:Edith_wharton_face.jpg John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. (1918). Ernest Hemingway in Milan 1918 retouched [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ernest_Hemingway_in_Milan_1918_retouched_3.jpg Library of Congress, (1919). Returning from World War I [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Returning_from_World_War_I.jpg Morrell, O. (n.d.). [Photograph]. Thomas Stearns Eliot [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_(1934).jpg

21. References Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College. (1923). Cover of Birth Control Review 1923 [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BirthControlReview1923.gif Tennessee State Library and Archives (1920a).Vamped! Carrie Chapman Catt Papers [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.tn.gov/tsla/exhibits/suffrage/struggle.htm Tennessee State Library and Archives (1920b). Women's suffrage ratification in the Tennessee Senate Chamber[Image].Retrieved from http://www.tn.gov/tsla/exhibits/suffrage/struggle.htm Tennessee State Library and Archives. (1920c). To the American women: Democratic Tennessee did it, Carrie Chapman Catt Papers [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.tn.gov/tsla/exhibits/suffrage/struggle.htm Tennessee State Library and Archives. (2008). Suffrage historical marker [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.tn.gov/tsla/exhibits/suffrage/payoff.htm Tennessee State Library and Archives. (n.d.). Albert H. Roberts [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_H._Roberts.jpg The World's Work. (1921). F. Scott Fitzgerald 1921 [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald#/media/File:F_Scott_Fitzgerald_1921.jpg Thule, U. (1927). As janus rostrum okretuciach [Image]. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ianus#/media/File:As_janus_rostrum_okretu_ciach.jpg