Early China Map

1. Early China Map

2. Chinese Civilization • 1570 – 1045 BCE – Shang Dynasty • Shang kings were political and religious heads of society • Writing system of the Shang Dynasty is the ancestor of modern Chinese • 1045 – 256 BCE – Zhou Dynasty • The Zhou kings sacrificed to their ancestors (ancestor worship), also sacrificed to Heaven (Tian) • The Mandate of Heaven (Tian Ming): • (A) Close relationship between Heaven, king • (B) King called the Son of Heaven • (C) Heaven gives king mandate to rule, in best interest of subjects • (D) Last Shang king decadent, cruel to subjects so he lost the Mandate of Heavenand the Zhou deserved to replace them

3. Chinese CivilizationEarly Literature • Shujing(Book of History) is the earliest transmitted text - it praises first three Zhou rulers • The Shi jing(Book of Poetry) consisted of 305 poems include odes celebrating exploits of early Zhou rulers and Hymns for sacrificial ceremonies, folk songs • Folk songs - are about ordinary people in everyday situations

4. Chinese Civilization • 770 – 403 BCE – Golden Age of Chinese philosophy • 604 BCE – Life of Laozi • 551 – 479 BCE – Life of Confucius • 221 – 206 BCE – Qin Dynasty, first unification of China • 221 BCE – Great Wall of China built • 210 BCE – Terra cotta warriors placed in Lintong’s tomb • 206 BCE - the Han dynasty unifies China again and develops bureaucracy • 200 BCE - Mao-tun unites the Turkic-speaking Huns (Xiongnu, Hsiung-nu) in Central Asia around Lake Bajkal and southeastern Mongolia

5. Chinese Civilization • 176BCE - the Huns attack eastern China • 121BCE - China defeats the Huns • 106BCE - the Silk Road is inaugurated (a treaty between Chinese emperor Wu-Ti/Wu Di and Parthian king Mithridates II) • 2 CE - the Han empire has 57 million people, the most populous country in the world • 6 CE - Buddhism is introduced in China • 105 CE - Cai Lun/Tsai Luns invents paper • 190 CE - the Chinese invent the abacus

6. Chinese Civilization • 520 CE – Zen Buddhism develops • 618 – 907 CE – Tang Dynasty • 650 CE – Acupuncture is invented and spreads • 1024 CE – First paper money created • 1041 CE – Bi Sheng invents the printing press • 1234 CE - Mongols led by Ogodai Khagan conquer northern China

7. Chinese Religions • China’s main philosophies/religions include: • Buddhism • Confucianism • Taoism • Yin and Yang • Legalism

8. Chinese Art • Fang Ding • 12th century BCE • Houjiazhang , China • Sculpture • Shang Dynasty was famous for its bronze work • This was used to store food and wine for ceremonies • Animal motifs are central

9. Chinese Art • Bronze Bells • 433 BCE • Wuhan, China • Sculpture/Craftwork • Zhou Dynasty – each bell is capable of producing 2 distinct notes / Bronze casts

10. Chinese Art • Terra Cotta Warriors • 210 BCE • Lintong, China • Sculpture • Buried in the tomb of the 1st Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang Di • Life sized figures were meant to serve and protect the emperor in the afterlife

11. Terra Cotta Warriors - Detail

12. Terra Cotta Warriors - Detail

13. Terra Cotta Warriors - Detail

14. Chinese Art • Colossal Buddha • 460 – 470 CE • Yungang, China • Relief Sculpture • Buddhism spread in importance as internal strife increased in China during the 5th – 6th centuries • Carved directly into the rock – heavily influenced by Indian art

15. Vairocana Buddha, Longmen Caves ca. 670-680 C.E. Luoyang, China Relief Sculpturecentral figure 50 feet high

16. Vairocana Buddha – Full

17. Horse 8th to 9th century C.E. Sculpture/Pottery Tang Dynasty20 in. highglazed earthenware

18. Chinese Art • The Poet Li Bai Walking and Chanting a Poem • 1200 CE • China • Painting • Artist: Liang Kai • Song Dynastic period • Contrast of blurred lines of robe with details of face – reflects a Zen style of art

19. Chinese Art • Early Spring • 1072 CE • Taipei, Taiwan • Artist: Guo Xi • Painting • Song Dynasty Era • 3 forms of perspective are found in this work: (1) height – up the mountain; (2) depth – down into the valleys; and (3) level – looking across the marshes

20. Chinese Art • Celadon Ware • 1127 – 1279 CE • China • Pottery • Song Dynasty Era • Celadon ware is known by its green color and blends the parts of vases • The most highly regarded Chinese ceramics are from the Song Dynasty • Song ceramic ware aims at being simplistic and elegant

21. Chinese Art • Searching for the Past • 1641 – 1704 CE • China • Painting • Artist: Shitao (aka Daoji) • Qing Dynasty Era • Ink on paper • Use of wet brush technique allows for the ink and colors to merge and blur

22. Chinese Art • Forbidden City • Begun 1402 • Beijing, China • Architecture • Foreigners were forbidden to enter into the imperial complex • Built on a grid pattern all buildings facing south

23. Forbidden City

24. Foguang Si Pagoda 1056 C.E. Yingxian, China Architecture Evolved from the Indian Stupa for religious purposes

25. Foguang Si Pagoda

26. Chinese Erotic Art

27. Japan Map

28. Japanese Civilization • 10,000 - 300 BCE - Prehistoric period of tribal/clan organization -Stone Age hunters and gatherers who make jomon (rope-patterned) pottery inhabit Japan • 660 BCE - Mythological Jimmu (Divine Warrior), descendant of sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami, founds first Japanese empire • 300 BCE – 300CE – Yayoi Perido - Rice cultivation, metalworking, and the potter's wheel are introduced from China and Korea • 100-300 CE - Local clans form small political units

29. Japanese Religion - Shintoism • The most significant influences that arrived from Korea and China in Japan were in the realm of religion • Most important of all was the arrival of Buddhism • However the Japanese did have an indigenous religion, called Shinto • Shinto started out as a nature worship religion and evolved into a state religion of patriotic appreciation to the Japanese land itself • Shintoism also would include animism and ancestor worship • Shinto rituals could be performed in homes as well as in temples – allowing it to become a more personal religion • To an extent, the development of Shintoism was a reaction against foreign influence, especially that of China.

30. Japanese Religion - Shintoism • In the 7th-8th centuries, the Japanese wrote down their native myths and legends in a collection called Kojiki(Chronicles of Ancient Events) • In it are the creation myths and foundation of the Shinto religion • Shinto gods are called kami • Izanagiand Izanamiwere the first gods from whom all other gods descended • The most important of whom is Ameterasu, the sun goddess, who is considered the ancestor of all Japanese emperors

31. Japanese Art • Jomon Earthenware Pot • 2000 BCE • Japan • Pottery • Use of geometric patterns to create various impressions • Called Jomon (rope) because the patterns are rope-like in appearance

32. Japanese Art • Haniwa Figures • 5th – 4th centuries BCE • Japan • Sculpture • These figures were placed on the tops of graves • Each one representing the deceased below or his/her interests

33. Japanese Art • Horyu-ji Kondo • 670 CE • Nara, Japan • Architecture • Oldest wooden temple in Japan • Japanese favored lateral over linear movement and building are lined up left to right rather than one in front of the other

34. Horyu-ji kondo

35. Phoenix Hall 1053 C.E. Byodoin, Uji, Japan Architecture The Phoenix is the mythical bird that supposedly protects the Buddha Was originally a private villa converted into a temple during Heian Period

36. Japanese Art • Shaka Triad • 623 CE • Nara, Japan • Artist: Tori Busshi • Asuka Period • The Buddha is flanked by 2 bodhisattvas sitting on a throne • Buddha’s name in Japan is Shakyamuni

37. Japanese Art • Tale of the Genji –Azumaya Chapter • 12th century CE • Nagoya, Japan • Illuminated manuscript • Heian Hand scroll • Emphasis on placement of figures, costumes and design

38. Japanese Art • Shokintei • 1660s • Kyoto, Japan • Architecture • In the Katsura Palace Gardens • Named after the sound of the wind in the pines that surround it • This is a typical Japanese tea ceremony pavilion • Nature is a key part of Japanese aesthetics

39. Japanese Art • Winter Landscape • 1470s • Tokyo, Japan • Painting • Artist: Sesshu • Ashikaga Period • Harshness of pictorial style is characteristic of Sesshu’s work • Suggests the cold bitter mood of winter

40. Japanese Art • Daruma Meditating • 1760 • Japan • Painting • Artist: HakuinEkaku • Attempt to capture the intensity of meditation

41. Japanese Art • Painting the Lips • 1794 – 1795 CE • Tokyo, Japan • Painting/Relief • Artist: Utamaro Kitagawa • A wood block print meant for mass production • Since she has eyebrows she is an unmarried woman – most likely a courtesan

42. Japanese Art • The Great Wave off Kanagawa • 1831 • Tokyo, Japan • Painting/Relief • Artist: Hokusai Katsushika • Also a wood block print for reproduction • Depicts the power of nature, Mount Fuji can be seen in the distance – the symbol of Japan’s stability

43. Japanese Art • Temple of the Golden Pavilion • 1397 • Kyoto, Japan • Architecture • Muromachi Period • Built as a retreat for the shogun Yoshimitsu and converted into a temple after his retirement • Named because parts of temple are covered with gold leaf

44. Japanese Art • Himeji Castle • 1581 – 1609 • Hyogo, Japan • Architecture • Living spaces and fortifications are combined into one space • Made of strong masonry made necessary by the introduction of firearms and cannons

45. Japanese Art • Garden of the Daisen-in Monastery • 16th century • Kyoto, Japan • Architecture • Artist: Kagaku Soku • Used as a place of meditation and assembly of Zen priests • Vertical rocks represent cliffs, horizontal stones represent embankments and bridges and trees in the back represent mountains

46. Japanese Erotic Art

47. The end …. Next lecture… Americas and Africa