Ch. 14: Early 19th c America: Early Industrialization The Transportation Revolution

1. Ch. 14: Early 19th c America: Early Industrialization The Transportation Revolution The Market Revolution

2. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities. Funded by states.

3. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

4. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

5. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

6. NEW ORLEANS BECOMES MAJOR PORT MADE 2-WAY RIVER TRAFFIC PRACTICAL QUICKER THAN ROADS DISADVANTAGES: FREQUENT FIRES, COLLISIONS, ICE, SANDBARS STEAMBOATS

7. CANALS • Even more efficient than roads for moving goods – lower • costs & less time • Locks regulated the water level • Encouraged growth of cities & towns • State funding • Disadvantages: freeze in winter, dry up in summer

8. Erie Canal – “Clinton’s Big Ditch” From Buffalo to Albany Begun 1817 & completed by 1825 Economic effects?

9. Principal Canals in 1840

10. Inland Freight Rates

11. MOST PRACTICAL METHOD OF TRANSPORTATION POSSIBLE IN ALL KINDS OF WEATHER ANY KIND OF TERRAIN FASTEST VERY DANGEROUS! HIGH SPEEDS FIRES & COLLISIONS BAD BRAKES RAILROADS SLOWER TO TAKE HOLD BECAUSE STATES SPENDING MORE $ ON ROADS & CANALS

12. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

13. TheRailroadRevolution,1850s • Immigrant laborbuilt the Northern RRs. • Slave laborbuilt the Southern RRs.

14. Stagecoaches traveled from MO River to California Calling “shotgun?” Pony Express, 1860 Carried mail 2000 miles from MO to CA Stations 10 miles apart Could make it in 10 days! Brought to an end by? StagecoachesThe Pony Express

15. Clipper Ships Why short-lived?

16. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858 From Newfoundland to Ireland

17. American Population Centers in 1820 Population doubling every 22 years

18. American Population Centers in 1860

19. National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

20. 1840s; Largest group of immigrants 1845 potato famine in Ireland Very poor; Catholic; lots of whiskey Stayed in North & were in direct competition with free blacks for jobs worked in factories (over 50% of mill labor force by 1860) but . . . “NINA?” many go into police work built canals, RRs THE IRISH:

21. 1850s; 2nd largest group Many come to escape political persecution (failed democratic revolutions of 1848) wealthier than Irish; Catholic settle in Midwest -- Wisconsin, etc. form their own militia, fire companies, schools, newspapers, etc. Not as politically influential as Irish – WHY? Levi Strauss; Henrich Steinway American cultural changes from the Germans? GERMANS:

22. Know-Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

23. Prejudice against foreigners (threats to jobs) 1844 rioting between Catholics & Protestants - over 100 injured Samuel Morse – wrote against Catholics Order of the Star Spangled Banner - Know-Nothings, form in 1849 secret, anti-immigrant society wanted to keep immigrants out of political office, restrict immigration & increase naturalization period to 21 years later become a viable political party Note: prejudice existed even among the immigrant groups themselves (Irish disliked blacks for ex.) NATIVISM:

24. Americans continually on the move West! Greatest lure was the cheap, fertile land available Farmers from South, farmers from Northeast & immigrants from Europe all came West Rapidly growing towns sprang up along rivers where cargo was transferred Cincinnati (“Queen City”), Louisville & Nashville New farming inventions aided the move west: WESTWARD WE GO!

25. John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

26. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831 1 man could do the work of 5 men with a sickle New technology/cash crop farming/leads to more debt

27. Spreads from BR to US – slowly Northeast – Industry is King! Bad soil Lots of labor Ports Rivers for Power! The Factory System

28. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings:*Fletcher v. Peck (1810)*Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)*McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)*Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)*Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1835) General Incorporation Law -passed by many states, such as NY, by 1848 (could incorporate without a state charter) Laissez faire - BUT, government did do much to assist capitalism!

29. Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”) Helps break BR monopoly in textiles First American mill – Providence, RI 1791 Effects? Industrial economy well-established in N Slater’s mill & Whitney’s cotton gin stimulate cotton economy & slave labor system

30. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave?

31. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave?

32. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle So, how did Eli Whitney help bring on the Civil War AND help the North to win the war?

33. What impact did the Embargo & Non-Intercourse Acts and the War of 1812 have on the Industrial/Market Revolution? • Capital ($) and labor that were involved in commerce move into manufacturing • Nationalism and necessity spurred the production of American goods • After the War, BR dumped cheap manufactured goods on U.S. – this led to the use of protective tariffs

34. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph Wash., D.C. to Baltimore – 40 miles “What hath God wrought?” Telegraph brings an end to….?

35. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine Women now going to factories to sew, rather than at home.

36. The Lowell/Waltham System Mass Production of Cotton Cloth Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814 Lowell in 1850

37. Lowell Mill

38. Early Textile Loom

39. New EnglandTextileCenters:1830s

40. New England Dominance in Textiles

41. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

42. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

43. Lowell Mills Time Table Early “Union” Newsletter

44. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girlEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

45. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

46. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party(1829)* Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt(1842) – didn’t legalize strikes but held that labor unions were NOT illegal conspiracies.

47. NORTHEAST Industrial made textiles & machines for S & W SOUTH Cotton & Slavery shipped to NE & BR WEST Breadbasket of Nation fed factory workers in NE & Europe Regional Specialization in America by the 1850s But….what connections?

48. Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860 MARKET REVOLUTION HAS TAKEN HOLD!! Subsistence economy of scattered farms & tiny workshops has been transformed into a national network of industry and commerce.

49. Distribution of Wealth • During the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population. • 1845 Boston - top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. • 1860 Philadelphia - top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. • The gap between rich and poor was widening!

50. Factory system & growth of cities undermined family as unit of economic production Few women actually self-supporting. Jobs in: Nursing, domestic service Teaching! Becomes totally feminized largely due to Catherine Beecher Home becomes place of refuge rather than center of economic production “Separate spheres” becomes new doctrine “Cult of domesticity” Decline in birthrate - family becomes smaller & more child-centered SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS