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The Global Observing System

The Global Observing System. Overview of data sources Data coverage Data used Data monitoring Use for model verification Jean-Noël Thépaut and François Lalaurette. Overview of data sources. SYNOP / SHIP/ METAR Meteorological/ Aeronautical weather stations (2m, except wind: 10m)

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The Global Observing System

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  1. The Global Observing System Overview of data sources Data coverage Data used Data monitoring Use for model verification Jean-Noël Thépaut and François Lalaurette DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  2. Overview of data sources • SYNOP / SHIP/ METAR • Meteorological/ Aeronautical weather stations (2m, except wind: 10m) • Ships (variable height, default=25m • BUOYS • Moored (TAO, PIRATA) • Drifters • used parameters: wind, pressure, temperature DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  3. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  4. Moored TAO buoy DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  5. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  6. Overview of data sources (cont’d) • TEMPSHIP / DROPSONDES • ASAPs (commercial lines) in replacement of weather ships (stationary) • Dropsondes from scientific aircrafts (NOAA, UKMO, DLR); used for FASTEX, NORPEX (winter adaptative observing network experiments), NA-TREC and Tropical Cyclones; • parameters: Temperature, Wind, Pressure, Humidity • PROFILERS • UHF/VHF Doppler "clear air" radars (US and Europe); • parameter: wind DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  7. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  8. Data reception (radiosondes) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  9. Profilers Profiler site near Haskell, OK (http://www-dd.fsl.noaa.gov/) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  10. Data Coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  11. Overview of data sources (cont’d) • Aircraft • AIREPS ("manual" reports from pilots) • AMDARs, ACARs, …: automated (high quality) • parameters: wind, pressure, temperature (NO humidity) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  12. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  13. Overview of data sources: Satellite data • Two different types of space agencies • Research Agencies • Operational Agencies • Two ways of looking at the earth/atmosphere • GEO (GEOstationary satellites) • LEO (Low Earth Observing satellites) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  14. GEOSTATIONARY OBSERVING SYSTEMS(36 000 km from the earth) • Advantages: • Wide space coverage (whole disk) • Very high temporal coverage ( a few minutes) • Particularly suitable for short-range NWP and Now-casting applications • Suitable also for meteorological feature tracking • (Atmospheric Motion winds) • Suitable for applications in which the diurnal cycle representation is crucial • Drawbacks: • Spatial coverage limited to the disk (need for constellation) • Unsuitable to observe the polar regions DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  15. Low Earth Orbiting OBSERVING SYSTEMS(400 to 800 km from the Earth) • Advantages: • Cover the whole earth after several cycles (polar orbiting satellites) • More suitable to sound the atmosphere in the microwave spectrum. • Drawbacks: • Moderate temporal sampling (several hours to go back to the same point) • Requires constellation to ensure a reasonable temporal sampling DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  16. NOAA-15 NOAA-16 NOAA-17 Goes-E Met-7 MTSAT Goes-W Met-5 DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  17. Current Space based Observing System DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  18. = the path of the ray perigee through the atmosphere GPS radio occultation technologies • GPS-MET, CHAMP • The impact of the atmosphere on the signal propagation depends on the refractivity => the vertical profile of the refractivity (and further down temperature, humidity and pressure) at the location of the ray perigee can be inverted from the observation DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  19. Overview of data sources (cont’d) • AMV - Atmospheric Motion Vectors (formerly SATOB) • geostationary satellites (GOES 9/10/12; METEOSAT 5/7) • Polar orbiting (MODIS on Terra) • Availability on a very rapid increase (higher space and time resolution, new platforms, quality indexes) • Unknown parameter: height! • Raw radiances • HIRS (NOAA 17), AMSU (NOAA 15/16/17/18/Aqua), AIRS (Aqua), METEOSAT/GOES DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  20. Data coverage (received) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  21. Another type of inversion: Polar WV winds from MODIS Source: P. Menzel, 2003 DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  22. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  23. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  24. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  25. Overview of data sources (cont’d) • Scatterometer (Microwave, active) • 2 platforms (ERS2 and Quickscat) • parameter: sea wind (+wave heights from ERS altimeter) • DMSP/SSMI (Microwave, passive) • 3 platforms (DMSP F-13/F-14/F-15); • parameters: raw radiances (total column vapour water+sea wind) • Ozone • Envisat/NOAA/ERS DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  26. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  27. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  28. Data coverage DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  29. RESEARCH AGENCIES • NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration • JAXA: Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency • ESA: European Space Agency • …(several other national agencies) • Research Agencies promote demonstration missions, with innovative technologies • Research instruments can provide independent information for model and/or other observations validation • Near Real Time delivery of data is not necessarily a priority • Research satellites pioneer future operational missions • In principle, the life time of research missions is short (<10 years) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  30. OPERATIONAL AGENCIES • EUMETSAT: EUrope’s METeorological SATellite organisation • NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • NOAA-NESDIS-DMSP • JMA: Japan Meteorological Agency • Russia, China,… • Operational Systems inherit from Research demonstration missions • Operational Satellites are committed to Real Time delivery to end-users • Operational missions ensure a stabilised long-life mission technology (HIRS instrument onboard NOAA satellites has lasted for ~30 years) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  31. Operational versus Research Agencies • Thanks to a WMO initiative, R&D satellites are now fully considered as part of the Global Observing System • Should ease the transition from research to operations • Has implications on NRT delivery requirements • Operational centres use pragmatically R&D instruments: • for model validation (POLDER, CERES,…) • for data assimilation (ERS, QUIKSCAT, AIRS,…) • Drawback of using research satellites: • Lack of visibility on the modifications of instrument calibration/configuration • Sometimes “Take it or leave it” approach… DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  32. ESA • ENVISAT • Heritage of ERS-2 • Multi-instrument platform • Ozone monitoring: • GOMOS,SCIAMACHY, MIPAS • Sea Ocean State monitoring • ASAR, MERIS, AATSR • ADM-AEOLUS • Doppler wind lidar to provide 3D-wind coverage • SMOS, EARTHCARE, WALES,… DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  33. EUMETSAT • Geostationary program • METEOSAT (currently 5 7) • Infrared window and water vapour • Visible • (Atmospheric Motion Winds) • METEOSAT 2nd GENERATION (8) • SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) • 12 channels (T,q,O3,..) • GERB (Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget) • Preparation of METEOSAT 3rd GENERATION (MTG) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  34. EUMETSAT • Polar program • EPS: European Polar System • Part of the Initial Joint Polar System • will include a NOAA satellite from the USA and a METeorological Operational (METOP) satellite from Europe • Variety of instruments • IASI (high resolution interferometer) • ASCAT (wide swath scatterometer) • GOME (ozone measurement instrument) • NOAA package (HIRS/AMSU/AVHRR) • GRAS (GPS receiver) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  35. EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facilityfor Numerical Weather Prediction • Science Plan for NWP SAF deliverables • User requirements • ATOVS • IASI • MVIRI/SEVIRI (and other geostationary imagery) • Scatterometers • SSM/I and SSMIS • Ozone monitoring Instruments • Radiative Transfer Modelling • Preprocessing packages DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  36. Data sources for the ECMWF Meteorological Operational System (EMOS)Number of observational items assimilated over 24 hours on 13th February 2006 DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  37. Data from twenty-eight sources used daily DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  38. Large increase in number of data used A scientific and technical challenge DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  39. Data monitoring • Methodology • statistics obs-model guess over large samples • exchange of informations among NWP centres • Issues • Vast volumes of data (needs “at a glance” and “micro” analysis • How to disentangle observations and model errors • Results • Blacklists, quality control • Bias corrections • Feedback to data providers (ECMWF WMO lead centre for radiosondes and pilot data monitoring) DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  40. AIRS monitoring All channels summary Map of bias / sdev H20 band Detailed Time series 15micron band Single channel details shortwave band Hovmoller time series O3 band DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  41. Data monitoring: the AMV case Comparison against model guess, aircraft and radiosondes All sources point at an underestimation of the winds by the satellite tracking technique DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  42. ECMWF Web service (http://www.ecmwf.int) • Monitoring information available now: • Data coverage maps (last 24h) • Time series (last 30 days) • Radiances monitoring • Monthly Monitoring report • GUAN DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  43. Data selection Used data only DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  44. http://www.ecmwf.int/products/forecasts/d/charts/monitoring/coverage/dcoverhttp://www.ecmwf.int/products/forecasts/d/charts/monitoring/coverage/dcover DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  45. Use for forecast verification DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  46. 4% Of SYNOP reports exceed 10mm/day Recent progress: Rainfall events distribution DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  47. 1999-2000: Too many light rain… … too few heavy rain events Use for Forecast verification DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  48. … and more heavy rain events 2002-2003: less light rain… Recent progress: Rainfall events distribution DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

  49. Summary • The range of observations that are nowadays available is quite large (~ 6 millions of elementary observational information assimilated every day) • Data however are very inhomogeneous in quality, space and time resolution,etc… • Monitoring of data is crucial • Quality control, blackilisting, bias correction • Challenges due to high volume of satellite data and various instrument technologies • Need permanent dialogue between data producers and end users • Exploitation of observations within verification tools is still in its infancy DA and SAT Training course, April 2006

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