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Genetic Information and Chromosomes: An Educational Material

Learn about chromosomes, their structure and function, and the role they play in genetic information. Explore the different types of chromosomes and their importance in inheritance.

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Genetic Information and Chromosomes: An Educational Material

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  1. CHROMOSOMES Výukový materiál GE 02 - 47 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR 2014

  2. genetic information is concentrated mainly in the nucleus on chromosomes • number and shape are typical for each biological species – see the table CHROMOSOMES

  3. TABLE

  4. eukaryotes are diploid organisms • they have got 2 chromosome sets in the nucleus of body cell • one set comes from female sexual cell = maternal origin • the other set comes from male sexual cell = paternal origin • chromosome number in a set => symbol n CHROMOSOMES

  5. in the nucleus: • 1) heterochromosomes – pair of sexual chromosomes • 2) autosomes => two and two fully identical – homologous, pair chromosomes • chromosomes of one pair have the same shape, size and the same genes • they may not have the same forms of expressing genes– alleles CHROMOSOMES

  6. genes are placed on chromosomes linearly behind each other • each gene has its specific place = gene locus CHROMOSOMES

  7. CHROMOSOMES • exact picture of chromosomes in nucleus of the individual= karyotype • by all individuals of the same species identical • declination determined by the sex

  8. CHROMOSOMES

  9. metaphasal chromosome is formed by: • two daughter chromatids • chromatids connected with e centromere • chromosomal arms • according to placing the centromere there are described chromosomes: • metacentric, submetacentric,acrocentric and telocentric CHROMOSOMES

  10. formation of karyotype is complicated • after blood collection of a sample > alteration and cultivation in vitro dividing white blood cells stop in metaphase when chromosomes are best observable • then they are fixed, coloured and photographed • by analysis is to realize: • number and morphology of chromosomes • if the individual is not the bearer of mutation CHROMOSOMES

  11. DESCRIBE THE PICTURE

  12. CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN 978-80-7182-282-0 SOURCES

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