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Remember

Remember. Homework from the lab manual is due in lab next week. And you need to do the prelab. work for lab 2 Quizzes in lab start next week. There is a website for this section A of the course where the lecture material is posted. www.bio200.buffalo.edu

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  1. Remember • Homework from the lab manual is due in lab next week. And you need to do the prelab. work for lab 2 • Quizzes in lab start next week. • There is a website for this section A of the course where the lecture material is posted. www.bio200.buffalo.edu To access the PowerPoint slides = username BIO200 password darwin To see the lecture video = go to UB Learns & find Bio200 & click on classroom recordings • If you missed lab 1, you can not make it up, but you need to do the homework, purchase a lab book and do the prelab work for lab 2. Contact your TA for instructions.

  2. DARWIN’S HYPOTHESIS • Individuals vary • Populations tend to over-breed • Struggle for existence • Survival of the fittest • Variations are inherited • New species develop

  3. DARWIN’S EVIDENCE II

  4. Deduction (Prediction) 6 • If the hypothesis of evolution is correct then fossils should show evidence of change through time Test: Study fossils at various depths in rock strata Paleontology= study of ancient life (fossils)

  5. DATA Types of fossils • Original material Mammoth in ice

  6. DATA Types of fossils • Original material Skeletal material from Australopithecus sediba (2 million years old) from South Africa. Science, Sept. 8, 2011

  7. DATA Bog people Types of fossils “Original material” Mummified humans

  8. DATA Types of fossils • Original material Mosquito in amber

  9. DATA Types of fossils • Permineralization = petrification = mineralization of organic matter. • e.g. petrified forests buried in volcanic ash

  10. DATA Types of fossils • Carbonized film = a silhouette of blackened carbon residue of an organism

  11. DATA Types of fossils • Mold = impressions of an organism in rock

  12. DATA Types of fossils • Cast = a mold filled-in with mud or stone leaving a replica of the organism

  13. DATA Types of fossils • Chemical Fossil = molecules produced by an organism left behind in rock

  14. DATA Types of fossils • Trace fossil = evidence that an organism has left behind that it was present in the past. • e.g. footprints, worm tubes, feces

  15. Deduction (Prediction) 6 • Evaluation: Many fossils of organisms exist that are no longer present on Earth • e.g. dinosaurs, giant tree ferns, mammoths Conclusion: Life on Earth has changed through time. The data support the hypothesis

  16. So is there any order in the fossil layers? Deduction (Prediction) 7 • If the hypothesis of evolution is correct thenolder strata should have fewer modern species than younger strata. Test: Compare species in rock strata

  17. Deduction (Prediction) 7 • Data: From Charles Lyell (1854) Mollusks Fossils % Still known alive Recent Pliocene ----------------2 mya 226 96% Older Pliocene ---------------- 5 mya 569 42% Miocene ------------------------25 mya 1,021 17% Eocene --------------------------55 mya 1,238 3% What do the data suggest?

  18. Deduction (Prediction) 7 • Data: From Charles Lyell (1854) Mollusks Fossils % Still known alive Recent Pliocene ----------------2 mya 226 96% Older Pliocene ---------------- 5 mya 569 42% Miocene ------------------------25 mya 1,021 17% Eocene------------------------- 55 mya 1,238 3% Evaluation: Data support the evolution hypothesis Data do Not support the creation hypothesis

  19. DEDUCTION (PREDICTION) 8 • Ifthe hypothesis of evolution is correct thenthe simplest organisms should occur in the oldest strata Test: compare species in rock strata

  20. DATA:

  21. DEDUCTION (PREDICTION) 8 • Evaluation: • Data are NOT consistent with Divine Creation (i.e. creation in a few days) • Data are consistent with: • Evolution • Multiple creations (Cuvier’s Catastrophe Hypothesis) And

  22. DEDUCTION (PREDICTION) 9 • Ifthe hypothesis of evolution is correct thenintermediate links between fossils must exist. Test: Look for transitional species (“missing links”)

  23. DATA: Archaeopteryx discovered 1861

  24. DATA: Bird Features • Wings • True feathers • Wishbone • Pneumatic bones • Bipedal • Reversed big toe

  25. DATA: Reptile Features • Bony tail with free vertebrae • 3 claws on wing • Flat breast bone • Reptilian skull • Long snout, no beak • Jaws with teeth

  26. Evaluation The data are too sparse. The hypothesis is neither supported nor rejected

  27. SUMMARY • At the time of Darwin’s death in 1882 at the age of 73 most biologists were convinced that evolution had occurred BUT

  28. SUMMARY BUT, the mechanism of evolution was uncertain. I Hate arguments Acquired Characteristics A miracle directed by God Natural Selection

  29. Creationists say: No one has ever seen organisms change through time. That is not true as the next lectures will show, but even if we had not seen it, we would still be sure it had occurred. We don’t have to see the whole process to know it happened.

  30. Suppose you see the train with Aunt Emma at various stops along its journey from Buffalo to NYC. You see it in Buffalo at 9:00 AM. And Rochester at 10:00 AM And Syracuse at 12:00 noon And Albany at 2:00 PM And NYC at 4:00 PM Isn’t reasonable to conclude that the train carried Aunt Emma from Buffalo to NYC? We don’t have to see the whole journey. We don’t have to see every step in evolution to know that it has occurred

  31. A man was charged with biting off another man’s ear in a bar fight He was arrested and brought to trial. An eye witness to the scene was brought to the stand The defense attorney asked: “Did you actually see with your own eyes my client bite off the ear in question?” To which the witness replied: “No, but I saw him spit it out.” We have the fossils, the intermediate forms, the comparative anatomy, the embryology, the genomic homologies— In the next lectures we’ll see what evolution spits out.

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