P3G: an international consortium in Human Genome Epidemiology

1. P3G: an international consortium in Human Genome Epidemiology Ultimate Goals:For the understanding of gene-environment causes of chronic diseasesFor better public health strategies

2. The Causal Complexity of Chronic Diseases Diabetes Asthma Heart Disease Schizophrenia Cancer Multiple Sclerosis Obesity Arthritis Genetics Environment Diet & Lifestyle Social Structure “webs of causation”

3. Why Study Gene-Environment Interactions? • Obtain a better estimate of the population attributable risk for genetic and environmental risk factors by accounting for their joint interactions • Strengthen the associations between environmental factors and diseases by examining these in genetically susceptible individuals • Help dissect disease mechanisms by focusing on biological pathways most relevant to that disease, and environmental factors most relevant to the pathway. • Determine which specific compounds in a complex mixture of chemicals (from pollution, diet, etc.) cause disease. • Use the information to design new preventative and therapeutic strategies • Offer tailored preventive advice that is based on the knowledge of the genetic profile of an individual. Hunter, Nature Reviews/Genetics 2005

4. HapMap P3G Resources needed for identifying genetic risk factors and gene-environment interactions affecting the predisposition to chronic diseases Comprehensive knowledge of genetic variation Genotyping Technologies Cohorts - Phenotypes - Exposures - Large Size Analytical Tools

5. Example of Sample Size Issue for detecting ONE interaction for a dichotomous trait and a 10% exposure Hunter, Nature Reviews/Genetics 2005

6. What 10,000 incident cases in a gene-environment study can provide: (with power calculations that that take into account considerations of misclassification of exposure and outcome data, and realistic data collection scenarios) For genotypic and environmental prevalences of 10% and above, 10,000 cases will provide adequate power for interaction effects with an MDOR greater than 2. (MDORs; defined as the smallest odds ratio that can be detected at p=10-4 and power=80%). Paul Burton, UK BioBank Technical Report 2005

7. What 10,000 incident cases in a gene-environment study can provide: (with power calculations that that take into account considerations of misclassification of exposure and outcome data, and realistic data collection scenarios) 2. For a genotypic prevalence as low as 1% there will be adequate power to detect substantial (OR between 2 and 3) direct genetic effects. For this low genotype prevalence, gene-environment interactions will only be detectable for very large interaction effects (e.g. OR > 7). 3. 10,000 cases will provide a powerful platform for genome-wide indirect association studies (requiring rigorous definition of statistical significance of p<10-7). Paul Burton, UK BioBank Technical Report 2005

8. How long does it take to reach 10,000 cases in a cohort with 500,000 cases? Paul Burton, UK BioBank Technical Report 2005

9. Public Population Project in Genomics A consortium dedicated to fostering international collaboration between researchers and projects in the field of population genomics

10. P3G: History and Launching Phase (2003-2005) • International meetings leading to the creation of P3G: • 2003: London, Montreal, Manchester • 2004: Helsinki, Tallinn, Toronto • Supported by: Wellcome Trust, European Union Genome Canada and Genome Quebec • Non-for-profit organization incorporated in 2004 • Secretariat and Observatory created February 2005 • Seed money from Genome Quebec and Genome Canada for the launching phase

11. P3G mandate • create a network in population genomics that will comprise over 3 million participants for epidemiological studies • provide statistical power for analysing complex genetic and environmental determinants of health and disease • leverage the combined expertise of hundreds of researchers around the world • promote communication among national and international organizations • increase the ability to share and generate new knowledge dedicated to improve public health and welfare.

12. P3G Consortium Model An international resource for the coordination and exchange of ideas and data that will be generated by the various population biobanks Kora-Gen LifeGene (Sweden) (Germany) Generations NHLBI (Scotland) (USA) (Canada) (Europe) NIGM Genoma Espana (Mexico) (Spain) Danubian Biobank Foundation CIGMR WAGHP (Australia) (UK) (Europe) ALSPAC LifeLines (UK) (Netherlands)

13. 3 3 P3G Membership Regular Member Associate Member Individual Member

14. NEED FOR HARMONIZATION Analogie: Bill Ollier

15. HARMONIZATION IS NOT REGIMENTATION

16. P3G Operational Chart P3G General Assembly Funders Auditors P3G Board of Directors P3G Secretariat P3G Steering Committee IWG 1 (Social/Clinical/ Environmental) IWG 2 Informatics IWG 3 Ethics and Governance IWG 4 Epidemiology/ Biostatistics Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core P3G OBSERVATORY

17. International Working Groups (IWGs), leaders and early outcomes

18. P3G Cores • Principal work units of P3G, • Self-funded, • Focused on specific issues related to biobanks, • Cores activities are reported to IWG regularly • 2006 goals to create cores in areas such as: Questionnaires and Clinical Measures Population Genetics And Policymaking DNA/SNPs and Genotyping Nomenclature Laboratory Phenotypes Impact of Commercialization Environmental Assessment Federated Databases Statistics and Epidemiology Participation: Gender Age, Ethnic Differences

19. The P3G Observatory: a web-site describingBiobanks and Population Genetic Studies Isabel Fortier, Ph.D. Vincent Ferretti, Ph.D. Denis Legault, MPA McGill University and Genome Quebec, Innovation Center 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue Montreal (Qc) H3A 1A4

20. The P3G Observatory The Observatory contains: • a description of studies (57 as of May 29, 2006) • a catalog of questionnaires, consent forms, etc. • a search tool using key words for common variables used in genetic epidemiology • a companion tool for questionnaire development and harmonization between studies www.p3gobservatory.org

21. Catalogue of Studies • A standard way to describe population studies in genomics • General Information • Background • Objectives • Methods • Status • Ethics and Governance • Available Documents • Publications 57 large population-based studies (P3G members and non-members) 22 studies with complete information 35 studies with summary information

22. General Tools in Development DESIGN OF STUDIES BioBank lexicon Ethics and governance “good practices” guidance documents ETHICS AND GOVERNANCE • General reference procedures for: • Questionnaires development/collection; • Physiological measures collection; • Samples collection, manipulation, storage or analysis INFORMATION COLLECTION/ TREATMENT Open source information management system for Biobanks INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Reference tools for statistical analysis and power calculation DATA ANALYSIS

23. From Biobanks to improving health and preventing disease: How do we get from here to there? Meta-studies enabled by P3G

24. P3G Future Research

25. P3G 2020 With the synergy of P3G: The scientific community will benefit from having a powerful international resource for gene-environment studies of complex diseases Return of investment will be quicker, more efficient and of higher quality through international harmonization Health Care Systems will benefit from accurate information for designing and implementing population health strategies

26. MERCI Bartha Knoppers, Leena Peltonen, Andres Metspalu, Bill Ollier, Eric Wichmann, Jan-Eric Litton, Julian Little, Muin Khoury, Alistair Kent, Lyle Palmer, Thomas Hudson, Paul Burton, Claude Laberge, Isabel Fortier and Mylene Deschenes,