Unit 6 Review

1. Unit 6 Review

2. Industry - Miscellaneous • First country to industrialize • Economic restructuring in the Soviet Union & Vietnam (respectively) • Small-scale home business • Donbas, Eastern Asia, Rhine Valley, Northeastern US & the Kanto Plain • Production of finished products from raw materials (manufacturing) • First to adopt international trade alternative: South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan & Hong Kong • When the Industrial Revolution occurred in the DTM • Several large cities grow together (BOSNYWASH) • Infrastructure, political stability, cheap raw materials, labor & energy… • SEZ & fastest growing city in China • Stage 2 • Industrial Cores • Cottage Industry • Four Asian Tigers • Secondary Sector • Great Britain • Ingredients of Industrialization • Perestroika & DoiMoi • Megalopolis • Shenzhen

3. Industry - Changes in Distribution • Transfer of jobs from MDCs (skilled labor -marketing & finance) to LDCs (unskilled labor - production) • Largest % of the money comes from outside the community (College Board Consultant) • Industrial base moves due to profitability; shift from Rust Belt to Sun Belt • Regions without regulations, lower or no taxes, few environmental laws, subsidized rents… • Low-level tasks (call centers & textiles) are sent overseas where labor is cheap • Basic jobs bring non-basic jobs (1:2) • Minimizes storage & inventory costs • Large company that consists of diverse divisions • Largest % of the money comes from within the community (Cobb County Teacher) • Tax-free zone built near the US prior to NAFTA • Don’t have to be a member of a union to get a job (have an open-shop - GA) • Multiplier Effect • Deindustrialization • Special Economic Zone (SEZ) • Non-basic Job • Just-in-time Delivery • Int’l Division of Labor • Right-to-work Laws • Maquiladora • Basic Job • Outsourcing • Conglomerate

4. Industry – Location/Least Cost Theory • States where a bulk-reducing industry should be located • Related industries cluster together for benefits (Silicon Valley & Hollywood) • Cheapest in short run, cheapest in long run & most expensive overall (respectively) • Most important fact in Weber’s Model • Reason as mileage increases the cost per mile goes down (inverse relationship) • Final product weighs less than inputs (lumber) • Proximity to markets, materials & transportation costs (relative location) • States where a bulk-gaining industry should be located • Land, labor, & access to capital (characteristics) • Final product weighs more than inputs (soft drink) • Economist who created the Location or Least Cost Theory • Location where transfer from one type of transportation to another occurs (costs $) • Bulk-reducing Industry • Site Factors • Transportation • Market Orientation • Alfred Weber • Bulk-gaining Industry • Situation Factors • Economies of Agglomeration • Break-of-Bulk Point • Truck, Ship & Airplane • Material Orientation • Terminal & Line Costs

5. Industry – Recent Developments • Reduces transportation costs, traffic issues & pollution • Using the land more intensively through skyscrapers (build up rather than out) • Most of the profit leaves the country (leaves the LDC & goes to a MNC in a MDC) • Labor-intensive paperwork is handled outside the US • Production of what is the least offensive to largest number of people (vanilla v. rum raisin) • Low impact appreciation of the environment • US loses billion of dollars due to these secret transactions (Switzerland & Luxemburg) • Services move outside the CBD as land value increases (value decreases with distance) • World’s largest service industry (11%) • Can locate anywhere because the cost of product doesn’t change despite where its assembled • Choosing to go overseas for a surgical procedure • Suburbanization • Medical Tourism • Telecommuting • Homogenization of Tastes • Tourism • Tax Havens/Shelters • Footloose Industry • Ecotourism • Vertical Geography • Capital Flight • Back Offices

6. Industry – Central Place Theory • Assumption about the land involved • Where customers will choose to go somewhere else • Ideal shape for a market area • Attempted to answer why cities are where they are and the size they are (spatial distribution) • Minimum number of customers needed to sustain a business • Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Megacity & World City • Can be explained by a greater population density • Market area • Distance people are willing to travel for a good or service (time) • Threshold • Hexagon • Urban Hierarchy • Range • Hinterland • Walter Christaller • Breaking Point • Megalopolis • Isotropic

7. Urbanization - Models Items can be used more than once • Harris’ Model • Works for fast growing city because it lacks one strong core/CBD (has several) • Vance’s Model • Rings expand outward and are different due to land value • Hoyt’s Model • Utilizes a beltway and density gradient decreases as distance from CBD increases • Harris & Ullman’s Model • CBD is surrounded by spokes that revolve around the infrastructure • Griffin-Ford Model • People aren’t tied to the CBD so outer cities become more self-sufficient (edge cities) • Burgess’ Model • Grid-like organization with central plaza & boulevard; spine & disamenity sectors • Latin American • Urban Realms • Concentric Zone or Urban Land Use • Peripheral • Multiple-Nuclei • Sector

8. Urbanization – Miscellaneous #1 • Has a population of 10 million or more • Circular highway surrounding a city (285) • Percent of the population within a city (World = 50% & US = 80%) • Parks and buffer zones within cities (Centennial & Grant Parks) • Most populated city in America (18 million) • Autonomous cities on the periphery of a large city (Marietta) • Process by which the population of cities grows • Number of people per square mile • Zone of early urbanization stretching across Eurasia (should be a worm or snake) • Unplanned, uncontrolled spread of a city • Most populated city in the world (34 million) • Consists of the central city & its suburbs • Ring of undeveloped or rural land around a city • Edge City • Urbanization • Beltway • Greenbelt • Mega City • Urban Banana • Population Density • Tokyo • Urban Sprawl • Green Space • Metropolitan Statistical Area • Percent Urban • New York City

9. Urbanization – Miscellaneous #2 • Moving a capital to promote more even development (Abuja & Brasilia) • Individuals drive the conversion of low income, urban neighborhoods into upscale communities (middle class) • Real estate agents present prospective homebuyers with neighborhoods of similar ethnicity • Control centers for major decision-making and economic interests (NYC, London, Tokyo…) • Implieseven development,the fourth largest city will be ¼ the size of the largest city (US & Germany) • Banks draw lines around areas they are unwilling to offer loans to • City is dominated by one or two industries (Hollywood, Detroit, Las Vegas…) • Home buyers migrate to suburbs further from the CBD • Urban development driven or supported by the government (tax breaks…) • Impliesuneven development, the largest city is more than twice the size of the next largest city (France & Mexico) • Real estate agents convince white homeowners that their neighborhood is about to “tip” to receive the listing • Dwellings on the undesirable or unclaimed land at the edge of a city (favela, barrio, slum, disamenity sector…) • Gentrification • Blockbusting • Primate City Rule • White Flight • Forward Capital • World City • Redlining • Functional Specialization • Urban Renewal • Rank-Size Rule • Squatter Settlement • Racial Steering

10. Industry – Miscellaneous • F • H • C • B • E • D • A • I • G • J Industry - Changes in Distribution • F • I • B • C • J • A • E • K • D • H • G

11. Industry – Location/Least Cost Theory • K • H • J • C • L • A • G • D • B • F • E • I Industry – Recent Developments • C • I • J • K • D • H • F • A • E • G • B

12. Industry – Central Place Theory • I • G • B • F • A • C • H • E • D Urbanization - Models • E • C • D • F • B • A

13. Urbanization – Miscellaneous #1 • E • C • L • J • M • A • B • G • F • I • H • K • D Urbanization – Miscellaneous #2 • E • A • L • F • J • G • H • D • I • C • B • K