Educational Strategies, Mass Media, and Evaluation

1. Educational Strategies, Mass Media, and Evaluation Chapter 12

2. Key Terms • Teaching Techniques – means in which educational objectives are achieved to create meaningful learning experiences • Action-oriented Techniques – strategies such as debates, which allow individuals to exercise a level of control of what is learned • Formative Evaluation – systematic assessment occurring before or during a learning activity to improve the educational process • Summative Evaluation – systematic assessment at the conclusion of a course, program, or learning activity

3. Keys to Success • When giving a presentation, there are many factors that may influence your selection of learning strategy – such as group size, location, number of meetings, resources, etc. • Emphasis should be placed on engaging your audience by building an environment conducive to hearing your message • Preferable to provide active learning opportunities

5. Teaching Techniques Presentation Discussion Demonstration Visual Aids Action-Oriented Techniques Technology-Based Techniques

6. Presentation • Lecturing is oldest form of communicating information to groups and is used in wide variety of settings • Delivering a lecture with confidence and animation will generate enthusiasm • Public speaking skills are based on: • Solid foundation of knowledge • Enthusiasm for the subject matter • Technique development • PRACTICE

9. Presentation Learning Curve • A-B (beginning) – curiosity enhances attention and retention • B-C (middle) – retention will drop • C-D (end) – a summary warning will encourage upward swing in retention

14. Discussion • Definition: A goal-oriented interaction or conversation between individuals on a particular topic • Can lead to critical thinking, skill development, problem solving and articulation of perceptions and opinions • Good discussions stem from careful use of questions

15. Demonstration • Demonstrations combine telling and showing • Visually illustrate procedures • Show techniques • Provide symbolic representations • Could insert a demonstration into a lecture

17. Visual Aids • “A picture is worth a thousand words” • Provide clarity and add vitality to presentation • “Seeing is believing” – visual aids can enhance presenters credibility • Promote learning by improving memory through visual stimulation • Seeing enhances retention

19. Visual Aids • Blackboard or whiteboard • Overhead transparency projector • Flipcharts • PowerPoint presentations • Videotapes (CD’s, DVD’s, YouTube videos)

22. Martin Luther King Jr “I have a dream” speech – Exercise 12.2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vDWWy4CMhE

23. Action-Oriented Techniques • Encourage learners to take responsibility for their own learning by exercising a level of control over what is learned • Participation and interaction stimulate interest • Examples: • Debate • Role-playing • Educational games • Simulations • Laboratories

24. Technology-Based Techniques • As a result of technology there is less need to memorize and a greater need to guide in finding and evaluating credible resources • At no other time in history has there been such easy access to so much information • Examples:Wii eBooks Computers Twitter Blogs Cell Phones Facebook Text Messaging Instant Messaging YouTube Video Conferencing Social Media

27. Learning Domains and Strategies • Advantages to using a variety of educational strategies as opposed to only one method • A variety will better accommodate diverse learning styles • Address all 3 learning domains: • Cognitive – mental skills, knowledge • Affective – feelings or emotions, attitude • Psychomotor – manual or physical skills

28. Develop Appealing and Informative Mass Media Materials • Mass media can rapidly deliver persuasive and powerful health messages to a large audience • May involve sponsors • Keep in mind that nutrition information from commercial advertising can be heavily biased with primary goal of making a profit • School curriculum has started to include guidance for analyzing, evaluating, and creating media

29. Develop Appealing and Informative Mass Media Materials • Health campaigns can include: • Social media venues • Websites • Television and radio PSA’s • Public service transit ads • Billboards • Posters • Pamphlets • Special events

30. Audio and Audiovisual Messages

34. Exercise 12.4 New York City’s “Pouring on the Pounds Program” Man Eating Sugar Packets Man Drinks Fat

35. Print Materials • Good writing skills can enhance your credibility and visibility • RD may have opportunity to write for newspaper, magazines, websites, blogs • Also, pamphlets, fact sheets, direct mailings, brochures • “ICIC” = Interesting, Clear, Informative, Concise

36. 4 Steps for ICIC Communication • Step 1: ASOAP Analysis • Audience • What your target audience needs to know and wants to know • Subject • Do thorough research of subject matter • Objective • What you are trying to accomplish • Angle • What are motivating factors for your target audience • Publication • Printed materials the audience can understand, accept and use

37. 4 Steps for ICIC Communication • Step 2: Outline and Collect Resources • An outline is a roadmap for writing your paper • Provides guidance for staying on target and insuring that you do not omit important information • May need to adjust – it is not “written in stone” • Step 3: Write the First Draft • Do not expect your first writing to be a final copy • See Table 12.10 for factors to consider for effective writing

40. ICIC Communication • Step 4: Polish Your Paper • Ask colleagues to evaluate the document for: • Spelling, grammar, punctuation • Appropriate dating, numbering, consistency • Visual appeal • Effectiveness and consistency of text enhancements • Odd breaks or anything that reduces clarity • Ask individuals from your target audience to review for comprehension, appropriateness, readability

43. Application of Emotion-Based Approach • Advertising and marketing research shows that people are more likely to make behavioral decisions in response to emotions, rather than rational thought • WIC developed educational materials and counseling approaches geared toward parent-identified emotional “pulse-points” • Including colorful photo with an emotion-based message, personal testimonials, cooking and snacking tips, and recipes

45. Conducting Evaluations • Evaluations are needed to determine the effectiveness of nutrition education interventions • Evaluations may be needed to provide information regarding distribution of resources, altering program delivery, continuing a program, or meeting funding requirements

46. Conducting Evaluations • Variety of assessment procedures to select from: • Focus groups • Questionnaires • Interviews • Biochemical analysis • Nutrient intake assessmentsof food records

48. Conducting Evaluations • Instruments should meet validity and reliability standards • Validity – addresses the question of whether an instrument truly measures what it intends to measure • Ex/ validity of food frequency questionnaire needs to be established if purpose is to measure intake of Vitamin A over specific time frame • Reliability – refers to the question of whether the outcomes of the evaluation are reproducible, repeatable, or consistent • Ex/ reliability of skinfold evaluations is established when similar measurements are obtained

49. Conducting Evaluations • Formative Evaluations – often involve qualitative data collection via observation, interviewing, and structured discussions • May be conducted before a program begins to assess certain design elements • Provides baseline to measure impact of intervention • Ex/ a brochure may be evaluated for accuracy, appropriateness, and readability

50. Conducting Evaluations • Summative Evaluations – often include quantitative evaluation and are performed to assess outcomes • May include performance tests, observations, surveys, biochemical and anthropometric measurements and self-assessment tools • Performed at conclusion of program or learning activity • These evaluations can help determine whether a nutrition education program actually accomplished what it was designed to do