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Understanding Atmospheric Divergence and Vorticity Concepts

Explore fundamental kinematic concepts, divergence principles, Green's and Gauss' theorems, horizontal divergence in natural coordinates, vorticity calculations, and more in the realm of atmospheric science.

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Understanding Atmospheric Divergence and Vorticity Concepts

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  1. Atmospheric Science 4320 / 7320 Anthony R. Lupo

  2. Day one • Let’s talk about fundamental Kinematic Concepts • In lab, we talked about divergence, which is a scalar quantity:

  3. Day one • We can prove that divergence is the fractional change with time of some horizontal area A.

  4. Day one/two • Then • finally:

  5. Day two • We could extend the concept to 3-D and get:

  6. Day two • Horizontal divergence in terms of a line integral, invoking Green’s theorem (2-D) and Gauss’ (3-D) theorem • Define area A (with tangential wind vectors)

  7. Day two • We must also assume Green’s theorem holds defining a line integral:

  8. Day two • Green’s theorem (where P = u and Q = v) • S is the oriented surface, or the position vector on the curve is R • thus ds = dr • F is a vector field in the normal direction on S, in our case V (which is tangent to the curve) where we consider:

  9. Day two • So F is: The normal component is:

  10. Day two • And we invoke Green’s theorem; • Now recall vector identity: Ax(BxC) = (AdotC)B - C(AdotB)

  11. Day two • And see that: • And what is the second term on the RHS equal to????

  12. Day two • In 3-D we invoke Gauss’s theorem: • Stoke’s Theorem

  13. Day two • Recall Green’s theorem: • And,

  14. Day two • Then

  15. Day two • And;

  16. Day two • And if you don’t understand this: • You might have a ….little …trouble…

  17. Day two • Horizontal divergence in Natural Coordinates: • (s,n,z,t) • The Velocity in Natural Components: • and,

  18. Day two • so, the horizontal divergence is: • aha, product rule! (which terms will drop out as 0?

  19. Day two • Recall: • And;

  20. Day two • Sooo, • A B

  21. Day two • In the Above relationship • Term A refers to the speed divergence: • Term B is the directional divergence (Diffluence)

  22. Day two • Speed Div

  23. Day two • Diffluence (directional div)

  24. Day two • In a typical synoptic situation, these terms tend to act opposite each other: • Confluence and speed increasing: • Diffluence and speed decreasing:

  25. Day two • Alternative derivation of horizontal divergence in natural coordinates: • Then take derivative (product rule again:

  26. Day two/three • If we “rotate” i and j (x and y) to coincide with s and n (s and n) then: • Thus,

  27. Day two/three • and, • Then, the celebrated result!

  28. Day three • We can also perform our simple-minded area analysis along the same lines:

  29. Day three • Then • finally:

  30. Day three • Divergence in the Large-Scale Meteorological Coordinate System: • The divergence refers to the cartesian coordinate which is an invariant coordinate. • On large-scales we need to take into account the curvature of the earth’s surface.

  31. Day three • However, the earth is curved, thus all else being equal, if we move a large airmass (approximated as 2 - D)northward (southward), the area gets smaller (larger) implying convergence (divergence). • We can consider the parcel moving upward or downward also (the area or volume):

  32. Day three • These discrepencies arise from the fact that the Earth is a sphere, and thus we cannot hold i, j, and k constant. • Recall we re-worked the Navier - Stokes equations to be valid on a spherical surface:

  33. Day three • The equation

  34. Day three • We can also define divergence: • Thus, for example (can you do the rest?)

  35. Day three • then; • Recall, we defined expressions for:

  36. Day three • thus, we get, for the divergence:

  37. Day three • How important are these “correction terms” for each scale?

  38. Day three • And; Then (this approximation is fine too!),

  39. Day three • Orders of magnitude of Horizontal divergence and vertical motions:

  40. Day three/four • Vorticity and Circulation/ unit area • Vorticity is a vector whose magnitude is directly proportional to the circulation/unit area of a plane normal to the vorticity vector. • Vorticity = Curl(V), ROT(V), or

  41. Day four • We are primarily interested in the vertical component of vorticity due to circulations in the horizontal plane: • (xi) (eta) (zeta)

  42. Day four • The vertical component: • This is called relative vorticity:

  43. Day four • Circulation (Kelvin’s Theorem): • consider a closed curve S, and by definition: • or • R = the position vector • dr = change in the position vector

  44. Day four • from Green’s Theorem: • then:

  45. Day four • Thus, circulation per unit area: • We need to show that: • Recall, line integral definition:

  46. Day four • Then,

  47. Day four • And theeen,

  48. Day four • So,

  49. Day four • Thus, we get the vertical component of Vorticity: • Let’s Examine the vorticity on a sphere: • Vorticity:

  50. Day four • Look at using ‘foil’, u-comp only:

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