Crosstabs

1. Crosstabs

2. Types of relationships • Linear • Spurious • Intervening • Interaction effects

3. Interaction effects

4. Does perceived political advantage reduce the likelihood of litigation? • (in the case of the Moscow Theater case)

5. What causes people to litigate against their government?(with regard to the Moscow Theater incident) • How should this variable be measured?

6. Measure of litigation(with regard to the Moscow Theater incident) Are you one of the plaintiffs in this lawsuit? freq vars = litigant.

7. Theory from the U.S.: Political Disadvantage • When people feel alienated from traditional avenues of participation or representation, then they may be more likely to participate in litigation.

8. Political Disadvantage Measure: the highest answer from the following two questions How well do you believe that President Putin represents your interests? How well do you believe that the current Duma represents your interests? very well, rather well, not very well, not at all well

9. Crosstab Analysis: Is political advantage related to litigation?

10. Stata code: tab litigant reph R code: .Table <- xtabs(~litigant+yourside, data=[data name]) Are you one of the litigants? * Perceived political advantage are you | one of the | plaintiffs | in this | reph lawsuit | 1 2 3 4 | Total -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- no | 30 74 162 10 | 276 | 83.33 86.05 95.29 100.00 | 91.39 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- yes | 6 12 8 0 | 26 | 16.67 13.95 4.71 0.00 | 8.61 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- Total | 36 86 170 10 | 302 | 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 | 100.00 Kendall's tau-b = -0.1752 ASE = 0.053

11. Theory • People tend to use procedures that they believe will be fair • Thus, perception of fairness of the courts causes litigation • How carefully will the court listen to the hostages side of the story? Very carefully, rather carefully, somewhat carefully, not at all carefully

12. Stata Code: tab litigant yourside, col taub R code: .Table <- xtabs(~litigant+yourside, data=[data name]) .Table are you | one of the | plaintiffs | how carefully will the court consider in this | hostage side of the story lawsuit | not at al not very somewhat very care | Total -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- no | 52 84 103 31 | 270 | 83.87 90.32 97.17 100.00 | 92.47 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- yes | 10 9 3 0 | 22 | 16.13 9.68 2.83 0.00 | 7.53 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- Total | 62 93 106 31 | 292 | 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 | 100.00 Kendall's tau-b = -0.1941 ASE = 0.045

13. Theory • Why is it that when people think the courts are more unfair, they are MORE likely to litigate? • What is going on?!

14. Anger • Could it be that the more angry people are, they more likely they want to engage in an expressive activity – • In other words, litigation is not about the fairness of courts – it is about expressing how angry you are • How to test that?

15. Perhaps the negative correlation between perceptions of fairness and litigation is particularly negative when people have reason to be angry – they are politically disadvantaged

16. In this case, we are using crosstabs to test a conditional relationship: • The effect of one independent variable is intensified OR mitigated, depending on the values of another variable • The negative effect of procedural justice will intensify as political advantage decreases

17. Perceived probability of judicial fairness Anger (political disadvantage) Litigation Proc Just Proc Just Proc Just High anger High PD Low anger High PD Med anger Med PD