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Crosstabs

Crosstabs. Types of relationships. Linear Spurious Intervening Interaction effects. Spurious effects. Does past participation affect current participation?. Past: Before September 2004, had you ever written a letter to some member of the local government? yes, no

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Crosstabs

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  1. Crosstabs

  2. Types of relationships • Linear • Spurious • Intervening • Interaction effects

  3. Spurious effects

  4. Does past participation affect current participation? • Past: Before September 2004, had you ever written a letter to some member of the local government? yes, no • Present: number of activities (categories 0-2).

  5. Past and current participation | Had you ever written | a letter to some | member of the local polpartbes | government c | No Yes | Total -----------+----------------------+---------- 0 | 524 6 | 530 | 53.41 8.82 | 50.52 -----------+----------------------+---------- 1 | 148 3 | 151 | 15.09 4.41 | 14.39 -----------+----------------------+---------- 2 | 309 59 | 368 | 31.50 86.76 | 35.08 -----------+----------------------+---------- Total | 981 68 | 1,049 | 100.00 100.00 | 100.00 Kendall's tau-b = 0.2528 ASE = 0.024

  6. But, is this spurious? Z Participation before Violence Participation after Violence What could be Z?

  7. Z could be self efficacy • Self efficacy causes both past and current political participation. • So, the idea is that past participation is not the only cause of current political participation. • So, we need to control for self efficacy.

  8. Self efficacy . tab capabyou Compared to | most political | leaders, how | much better or | worse could you | personall | Freq. Percent Cum. ----------------+----------------------------------- Much worse | 143 23.03 23.03 Somewhat worse | 157 25.28 48.31 Equally | 161 25.93 74.24 Somewhat better | 111 17.87 92.11 Much better | 49 7.89 100.00 ----------------+----------------------------------- Total | 621 100.00

  9. …if self efficacy is low | Had you ever written | a letter to some | member of the local polpartbes | government c | No Yes | Total -----------+----------------------+---------- 0 | 179 3 | 182 | 62.15 37.50 | 61.49 -----------+----------------------+---------- 1 | 46 1 | 47 | 15.97 12.50 | 15.88 -----------+----------------------+---------- 2 | 63 4 | 67 | 21.88 50.00 | 22.64 -----------+----------------------+---------- Total | 288 8 | 296 | 100.00 100.00 | 100.00 Kendall's tau-b = 0.0929 ASE = 0.062 syntax tab polpartbesc letterloc if capabyou < 3, col taub

  10. …if self efficacy is medium | Had you ever written | a letter to some | member of the local polpartbes | government c | No Yes | Total -----------+----------------------+---------- 0 | 73 2 | 75 | 51.41 50.00 | 51.37 -----------+----------------------+---------- 1 | 20 0 | 20 | 14.08 0.00 | 13.70 -----------+----------------------+---------- 2 | 49 2 | 51 | 34.51 50.00 | 34.93 -----------+----------------------+---------- Total | 142 4 | 146 | 100.00 100.00 | 100.00 Kendall's tau-b = 0.0253 ASE = 0.086 syntax tab polpartbesc letterloc if capabyou == 3, col taub

  11. …if self efficacy is high | Had you ever written | a letter to some | member of the local polpartbes | government c | No Yes | Total -----------+----------------------+---------- 0 | 272 1 | 273 | 49.36 1.79 | 44.98 -----------+----------------------+---------- 1 | 82 2 | 84 | 14.88 3.57 | 13.84 -----------+----------------------+---------- 2 | 197 53 | 250 | 35.75 94.64 | 41.19 -----------+----------------------+---------- Total | 551 56 | 607 | 100.00 100.00 | 100.00 Kendall's tau-b = 0.3167 ASE = 0.025 syntax tab polpartbesc letterloc if capabyou > 3, col taub

  12. So, what is the conclusion? • Past participation only has an impact when self efficacy is high. • Controlling for self efficacy, the effect of past participation on current participation is mitigated. • Therefore, the effect is partially spurious.

  13. Intervening effects

  14. Intervening relationship Political interest Self efficacy Participation

  15. So, let’s look at the relationship between political interest and participation

  16. Political interest and political participation | How much interest do you have in political polpartbes | affairs c | No intere Not very A fair am A great d | Total -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- 0 | 174 287 61 4 | 526 | 62.59 53.35 28.64 12.12 | 49.53 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- 1 | 40 82 30 3 | 155 | 14.39 15.24 14.08 9.09 | 14.60 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- 2 | 64 169 122 26 | 381 | 23.02 31.41 57.28 78.79 | 35.88 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- Total | 278 538 213 33 | 1,062 | 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 | 100.00 Kendall's tau-b = 0.3511 ASE = 0.026

  17. So, now what do we need to do to see if political interest has an effect on participation BECAUSE it causes self efficacy? • In other words, how do we find out that it is the ONLY reason?

  18. Political interest and participation when self efficacy is high | How much interest do you have in political polpartbes | affairs c | No intere Not very A fair am A great d | Total -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- 0 | 107 184 52 3 | 346 | 56.61 50.55 28.57 9.68 | 45.17 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- 1 | 25 60 21 2 | 108 | 13.23 16.48 11.54 6.45 | 14.10 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- 2 | 57 120 109 26 | 312 | 30.16 32.97 59.89 83.87 | 40.73 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- Total | 189 364 182 31 | 766 | 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 | 100.00 Kendall's tau-b = 0.1728 ASE = 0.031 . tab polpartbesc polint if capabyou > 3, col taub

  19. Political interest and participation when self efficacy is low | How much interest do you have in political polpartbes | affairs c | No intere Not very A fair am A great d | Total -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- 0 | 67 103 9 1 | 180 | 75.28 59.20 29.03 50.00 | 60.81 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- 1 | 15 22 9 1 | 47 | 16.85 12.64 29.03 50.00 | 15.88 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- 2 | 7 49 13 0 | 69 | 7.87 28.16 41.94 0.00 | 23.31 -----------+--------------------------------------------+---------- Total | 89 174 31 2 | 296 | 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 | 100.00 Kendall's tau-b = 0.1460 ASE = 0.046 . tab polpartbesc polint if capabyou < 3, col taub

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